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AP Psych 2 > Personality 3 > Flashcards

Personality 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

trait theories

A

less concerned with explanation for personality development and changing personality
describing personality and predicting behavior based on the that description
attempt to describe personality in terms of a person’s trait

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2
Q

trait

A

consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

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3
Q

allport

A

believe traits wired into nervous system to guide one’s bx across many different situations
each person’s constellation of traits unique

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4
Q

cattell

A

surface traits and source traits
factor analysis
16 personality factor questionnaire
identify 16 source traits, later say 23

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5
Q

surface traits

A

cattell
like all port’s
represent personality characteristics easily seen by other people

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6
Q

source traits

A

cattell

more basic traits that underlie surface traits

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7
Q

introversion

A

tendency to withdraw from excessive stimulation

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8
Q

factor analysis

A

statistical technique that looks for groupings and commonalities in numerical data

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9
Q

16pf

A

cattell’s test
16 source traits seen as trait dimensions/continuums
two opposite traits at each end with range of possible degrees for each trait measurable along dimension

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10
Q

five factor model/big five

A

mccrae and costa
five dimensions, core description of human personality
only dimensions necessary to understand human bx
OCEAN/CANOE
traits independent

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11
Q

five factor traits

A 
openness
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
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12
Q

openness

A

person’s willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
low = maintain status quo, don’t like to change things

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13
Q

conscientiousness

A

person’s organization and motivation
high = careful about being places on time, careful with belongings, organized
low = late, take bad care of things, lazy

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14
Q

extraversion

A

jung

extraverts: outgoing and sociable
introverts: solitary, dislike being center of attention

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15
Q

agreeableness

A

basic emotional style of person
high = easy-going, friendly, pleasant
low = grumpy, crabby, hard to get along with

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16
Q

neuroticism

A

emotional instability or stability
high = excessive worriers, overanxious, moody
low = even-tempered, calm

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17
Q

trait-situation interaction

A

mischel

particular circumstances of any given situation assumed to influence way in which trait is expressed

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18
Q

behavioral genetics

A

study of how much of an individual’s personality is due to inherited traits

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19
Q

twin studies

A

minnesota twin study show identical twins more similar than fraternal in intelligence, leadership, tendency to follow rules, tendency to uphold traditional cultural expectations, nurturance, empathy, assertiveness, aggressiveness
even if twins raised in separate environments

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20
Q

adoption studies

A

genetic influences account for great deal of personality development, regardless of shared or non shared environments
genetic basis suggested for shyness

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21
Q

heritability

A

how much some trait within a population can be attributed to genetic influences
extent individual genetic variation impacts differences in observed behavior

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22
Q

big five heritability

A

50% rate

variations in personality traits 25-50% inherited

23
Q

hofstede

A 
study of IBM (multinational)
four basic dimensions of personality along which cultures differ:
1. individualism/collectivism
2. power distance
3. masculinity/femininity
4. uncertainty avoidance
24
Q

individualism/collectivism hofstede

A

individualistic culture: loose ties between individuals, people look after selves and immediate families, autonomy, change, out, equality, security valued
collectivistic culture: people tied into strong in-groups, loyalty to family stressed, few groups, duty, order, tradition

25
Q

power distance

A

degree to which less powerful members of culture accept and expect that power within culture is held in hands of select few rather than being more evenly distributed

26
Q

masculinity/femininity

A

how culture distributes roles played by men and women, varies more for men than women
masculine culture = assertive, competitive
feminine culture = modest, caring
greater difference in sexes in masculine countries bc less assertive

27
Q

uncertainty avoidance

A

culture’s tolerance of uncertainty
no tolerate = strict rules, security, one truth belief
more accepting culture = fewer rules, different beliefs, less anxious and emotional

28
Q

eclectic view of personality

A

way of choosing parts of different theories that seem to best fit particular situation
rather than using only one theory to explain phenomenon

29
Q

interview

A

ask questions and note down answers in survey process
can be unstructured and flow naturally from beginning dialogue between client and psychologist
clients report on inner feelings, urges, and concerns
can lie and distort truth

30
Q

halo effect

A

tendency to form favorable or unfavorable impression of someone at the first meeting, so that all of person’s comments and behavior after first impression interpreted to agree with impression
negative impression = horn effect

31
Q

projective tests

A

show client ambiguous visual stimuli and ask clients to tell what see, hope client will project unconscious concerns onto visual stimulus
used to explore client’s personality or diagnostic tool to uncover problems in personality

32
Q

rorschach inkblot test

A

look at each inkblot and say what it looks like
score responses on key factors
describe personality, diagnose mental disorders, and predict bx
controversial, maybe not valid

33
Q

TAT

A

thematic apperception test
black and white pictures, person tells story about person in picture (ambiguous situations)
story developed interpreted by psychoanalyst, looks for revealing statements and projection of client’s own problems onto people in pictures

34
Q

subjective

A

projective tests are this
valid only within person’s own perception
not science
projective tests no standard grading scale so low reliability and validity

35
Q

reliability v validity

A 
reliability = tendency of test to give same score every time given to same person
validity = ability of test to measure what intended to measure
36
Q

direct observation

A

observe client engaging in ordinary, everyday behavior, preferably in natural setting

37
Q

rating scale

A

numerical rating assigned, either by assessor or client, for specific behaviors
observer effect problem though

38
Q

frequency count

A

assessor counts frequency of certain behaviors within specified time limit
observer effect problem though

39
Q

personality inventory

A

questionnaire that has standard list of questions and only requires certain specific answers
standard nature of questions and lack of open ended answers make assessments more objective and reliable than projective tests`

40
Q

myers briggs

A

sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, introversion/extraversion, perceiving/judging

41
Q

sensing/intuition

A 
sensing = prefer to rely on what  experience through own physical senses
intuition = look for patterns and trust hunches
42
Q

thinking/feeling

A 
thinking = logic, analysis, and experiences that can be verified as facts
feeling = make decisions based on personal values and emotional reactions
43
Q

introversion/extraversion

A

same as jung/big five

44
Q

perceiving/judging

A 
perceiving = willing to adapt and modify decisions, spontaneous, naturally curious, procrastinate until see all possibilities 
judging = action-oriented, decisive
45
Q

mmpi-2

A

minnesota multiphase personality inventory
tests for abnormal bx and thinking patterns in personality
true false statements, has validity scales
patterns = mild (shyness etc) to serious (schizophrenia etc)

46
Q

validity scales

A

built into any well designed psych inventory
indicate whether or not person taking inventory responding honestly
responses to certain items will indicate if people are trying to make selves look better or worse than are

47
Q

problems with personality inventories

A

no observer/interpretation bias
valid and reliable
but validity scales not perfect
questions may be interpreted differently, cultural influence

48
Q

phrenology

A

gall
certain areas of brain responsible for certain aspects of personality
skull bulge out according to which of traits were dominant

49
Q

deyoung

A

evidence for biological seat of extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

50
Q

extraversion brain

A

higher volume in medial orbitofrontal cortex (underside of frontal lobe, directly above eyes)
associated with recognizing value of rewarding information

51
Q

neuroticism

A

lower brain volume in several areas responding to threat, punishment, and negative emotions
reduced volumes in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and left posterior hippocampus
higher brain volume in middle cingulate cortex associated with error detection and response to pain

52
Q

agreeableness

A

areas of brain associated with intentions of actions and mental states of others
more volume posterior cingulate cortex
lesser volume in left superior temporal sulcus

53
Q

conscientiousness

A

left lateral prefrontal cortex

planning, working memory, and voluntary control of bx

AP Psych 2 (56 decks)

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