Development 1 Flashcards
human development
the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death
longitudinal design
one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages
cross-sectional design
several different age groups are studied at one time
cross-sequential design
a combination of the longitudinal and cross-sectional designs
cohort effect
the particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience
nature
heredity
the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
nurture
the influence of the environment on all of those same things
parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factors
behavioral genetics
a field in the investigation of the origins of behavior in which researchers try to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person’s experiences
genetics
the science of heredity
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
two sugar phosphate strands linked together by amines or bases in patterns
gene
each section of DNA containing a certain sequence or ordering of these amines
chromosomes
genes are located on rod shaped structures called chromosomes
in nucleus of cell
sex chromosomes
humans have 46
autosomes = 22 pairs, normal
sex chromosomes = 1 pair, determines sex
dominant vs recessive
dominant = genes that are more active in influencing the trait and are always expressed recessive = genes that are only expressed if there are two of them
polygenic inheritance
traits are controlled by more than one pair of genes
almost all traits
down syndrome
disorder in which there is an extra chromosome in the 21st pair
klinefelter’s syndrome
23rd set of sex chromosomes is XXY
male with reduced masculine characteristics and some feminine characteristics
turner’s syndrome
23rd pair missing an X, lone X
female that is short, infertile, sexually underdeveloped
ovum
fertilization
zygote
egg
egg and sperm unite
after fertilization, resulting cell will have 46 chromosomes and is called a zygote
monozygotic twins
two babies come from one fertilized egg/zygote
mass splits early in the division process into two masses
same sex and same characteristics
dizygotic twins
woman releases more than one egg or releases an egg later
if two eggs fertilized, woman gives birth to multiple babies
conjoined twins
when twins are joined at the point where the cell masses remained stuck
soft tissue sharing or share certain body parts
uterus
muscular organ that contains and protects the developing organism
germinal period of pregnancy
2 week period where zygote begins dividing, moves down to uterus, attaches to wall of uterus after forming hollow ball
placenta begins to form, umbilical cord begins to develop
placenta and umbilical cord
placenta is specialized organ that provides nourishment and filters away the developing baby’s waste products
umbilical cord connects the organism to the placenta
what happens during germinal period
cells being to differentiate or specialize to prepare to become all sorts of cells in human body
most important = stem cells
stem cells
stay in a somewhat immature state until needed to produce more cells
embryo
once firmly attached to the uterus, the developing organism is called an embryo
embryonic period
2 weeks after conception to 8 weeks
cells continue to specialize and become the various organs and structures of a human infant
no organ fully developed or completely functional but nearly all are there
critical periods
times during which some environmental influences can have an impact, often devastating, on the development of the infant
teratogen
any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
a series of physical and mental defects including stunted growth, facial deformities, and brain damage
exposure to alcohol during pregnancy
fetal period
period of tremendous growth lasting from about 8 weeks after conception until brith
length of developing organism (now fetus) increases by about 20
organs continue to develop and become functional
teratogens more likely to effect physical functioning of organs rather than structure
preterm
babies born before 38 weeks
may need life support to survive
miscarriage/spontaneous abortion
when babies die
most likely time is during first three months as the organs are forming and first becoming functional
