Research and Statistics (One) Flashcards

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1
Q

scientific method

A

system for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data

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2
Q

five steps of the scientific method

A
  1. perceiving the question
  2. forming a hypothesis
  3. testing the hypothesis
  4. drawing conclusions
  5. report your results
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3
Q

perceiving the question

A

derived from goal of description

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative explanation for the behavior seen

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5
Q

forming a hypothesis

A

related to goals of description and explanation

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6
Q

confirmation bias

A

people have a tendency to notice only things that agree with their view of the world

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7
Q

testing the hypothesis

A

goal of getting explanation for behavior

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8
Q

drawing conclusions

A

goal of prediction

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9
Q

report results

A

do it, need to so reliable study

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10
Q

replicate

A

people can do exactly same study over again and get the same results

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11
Q

descriptive methods

A

naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, surveys

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12
Q

naturalistic observation

A

studying people/animals in their natural habitat

advantages: realistic picture of bx
disadvantages: subject to effects/biases, each setting unique—can’t generalize

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13
Q

observer effect

A

animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally, means observer must hide from view often

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14
Q

participant observation

A

when researchers become participants in a group to do research on the group

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15
Q

observer bias

A

when person doing observing has particular opinion about what they expect to see and only recognizes actions that support their expectation

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16
Q

blind observers

A

one way to avoid observer bias
people who don’t know what the research question is and therefore have no preconceived notions about what they should see

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17
Q

lab observation

A

in a lab

advantages: more control, can better design setting
disadvantages: artificial behavior

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18
Q

case studies

A

one individual studied in great detail

advantages: huge amount of detail, only way to get certain info
disadvantages: can’t generalize, vulnerable to bias

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19
Q

surveys

A

ask series of questions

advantages: get at private information, can collect huge amounts of data on large group of people
disadvantages: have to be careful about group surveyed, people don’t always answer honestly, hard to find good wording

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20
Q

representative sample

A

a group of people representative of a certain population

21
Q

population

A

the entire group in which the researcher is interested

22
Q

participants

A

people who are part of the study

23
Q

courtesy bias

A

when people deliberately give the answer they think is more socially correct rather than their true opinion so that no one gets offended

24
Q

methods that allow researchers to know more than just description of what happened

A

correlation and experiment

25
Q

correlation

A

a measure of the relationship between two or more variables

26
Q

variable

A

anything that can change or vary

27
Q

correlation coefficient

A

represents the direction and strength of a relationship
r
-1 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 1

28
Q

direction

A

inverse (negative) or direct (positive) relationship

29
Q

numbers

A

closer to abs value of 1 is stronger, closer to 0 is weaker

30
Q

correlation and causation

A

correlation does not prove causation

31
Q

experiment

A

when researchers deliberately manipulate the variable they think is causing some bx while holding all the other variables that might interfere with the experiment’s results constant and unchanging

32
Q

how to select

A

randomly selection from a population determined by researchers

33
Q

operational definition

A

definition that specifically names the operations that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment
specific
include measurement
allow experimenters to have same working definition of term(s)

34
Q

independent variable

A

variable that is manipulated

independent of anything participants do

35
Q

dependent variable

A

response of participants

depends on independent variable

36
Q

hawthorne effect

A

when the behavior of the experiment participants is altered as a result of being a part of the experiment or study itself

37
Q

confounding variables

A

variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest

38
Q

best way to control for confounding groups

A

have two groups of participants randomly assigned by the experimenter

39
Q

experimental group

A

the group that is exposed to the independent variable

receives experimental manipulation

40
Q

control group

A

group that gets either no treatment or some kind of treatment that should have no effect
used to control for the possibility that other factors might be causing the effect

41
Q

random assignment

A

of participants to groups

best way to ensure control over other interfering variables

42
Q

extraneous variables

A

interfering variables

43
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

a form of mental deterioration that occurs in some people as they grow old

44
Q

placebo effect

A

the expectations and biases of the participants in a study can influence their behavior
if placebo effect, control group shows changes in dependent variable even though only received placebo

45
Q

placebo

A

a harmless substitute for the real thing that has no medical effect
often given to the control group

46
Q

experimenter effect

A

when the behavior of the experimenter causes the participant to change his or her response pattern

47
Q

single blind study

A

when participants are blind to treatment they receive

48
Q

double blind study

A

neither participants nor person(s) measuring the dependent variable know who got what