Research and Statistics (One) Flashcards

1
Q

scientific method

A

system for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data

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2
Q

five steps of the scientific method

A
  1. perceiving the question
  2. forming a hypothesis
  3. testing the hypothesis
  4. drawing conclusions
  5. report your results
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3
Q

perceiving the question

A

derived from goal of description

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative explanation for the behavior seen

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5
Q

forming a hypothesis

A

related to goals of description and explanation

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6
Q

confirmation bias

A

people have a tendency to notice only things that agree with their view of the world

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7
Q

testing the hypothesis

A

goal of getting explanation for behavior

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8
Q

drawing conclusions

A

goal of prediction

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9
Q

report results

A

do it, need to so reliable study

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10
Q

replicate

A

people can do exactly same study over again and get the same results

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11
Q

descriptive methods

A

naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, case studies, surveys

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12
Q

naturalistic observation

A

studying people/animals in their natural habitat

advantages: realistic picture of bx
disadvantages: subject to effects/biases, each setting unique—can’t generalize

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13
Q

observer effect

A

animals or people who know they are being watched will not behave normally, means observer must hide from view often

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14
Q

participant observation

A

when researchers become participants in a group to do research on the group

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15
Q

observer bias

A

when person doing observing has particular opinion about what they expect to see and only recognizes actions that support their expectation

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16
Q

blind observers

A

one way to avoid observer bias
people who don’t know what the research question is and therefore have no preconceived notions about what they should see

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17
Q

lab observation

A

in a lab

advantages: more control, can better design setting
disadvantages: artificial behavior

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18
Q

case studies

A

one individual studied in great detail

advantages: huge amount of detail, only way to get certain info
disadvantages: can’t generalize, vulnerable to bias

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19
Q

surveys

A

ask series of questions

advantages: get at private information, can collect huge amounts of data on large group of people
disadvantages: have to be careful about group surveyed, people don’t always answer honestly, hard to find good wording

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20
Q

representative sample

A

a group of people representative of a certain population

21
Q

population

A

the entire group in which the researcher is interested

22
Q

participants

A

people who are part of the study

23
Q

courtesy bias

A

when people deliberately give the answer they think is more socially correct rather than their true opinion so that no one gets offended

24
Q

methods that allow researchers to know more than just description of what happened

A

correlation and experiment

25
correlation
a measure of the relationship between two or more variables
26
variable
anything that can change or vary
27
correlation coefficient
represents the direction and strength of a relationship r -1 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 1
28
direction
inverse (negative) or direct (positive) relationship
29
numbers
closer to abs value of 1 is stronger, closer to 0 is weaker
30
correlation and causation
correlation does not prove causation
31
experiment
when researchers deliberately manipulate the variable they think is causing some bx while holding all the other variables that might interfere with the experiment's results constant and unchanging
32
how to select
randomly selection from a population determined by researchers
33
operational definition
definition that specifically names the operations that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment specific include measurement allow experimenters to have same working definition of term(s)
34
independent variable
variable that is manipulated | independent of anything participants do
35
dependent variable
response of participants | depends on independent variable
36
hawthorne effect
when the behavior of the experiment participants is altered as a result of being a part of the experiment or study itself
37
confounding variables
variables that interfere with each other and their possible effects on some other variable of interest
38
best way to control for confounding groups
have two groups of participants randomly assigned by the experimenter
39
experimental group
the group that is exposed to the independent variable | receives experimental manipulation
40
control group
group that gets either no treatment or some kind of treatment that should have no effect used to control for the possibility that other factors might be causing the effect
41
random assignment
of participants to groups | best way to ensure control over other interfering variables
42
extraneous variables
interfering variables
43
alzheimer's disease
a form of mental deterioration that occurs in some people as they grow old
44
placebo effect
the expectations and biases of the participants in a study can influence their behavior if placebo effect, control group shows changes in dependent variable even though only received placebo
45
placebo
a harmless substitute for the real thing that has no medical effect often given to the control group
46
experimenter effect
when the behavior of the experimenter causes the participant to change his or her response pattern
47
single blind study
when participants are blind to treatment they receive
48
double blind study
neither participants nor person(s) measuring the dependent variable know who got what