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AP Psych 2 > Learning (Operant Conditioning) > Flashcards

Learning (Operant Conditioning) Flashcards

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1
Q

operant conditioning

A

the kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior
learning depends on what happens after response (consequence)
what’s in it for me
reinforcement key to learning

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2
Q

thorndike

A

cat, puzzle box
develop law of effect
cat pushing lever followed by pleasure (food), so pushing lever become repeated response

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3
Q

law of effect

A

thorndike
if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. if an action is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated
basic principle behind learning voluntary behavior

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4
Q

skinner

A

behaviorist, focus only on observable bx
gave learning of voluntary behavior name of operant conditioning
contribute reinforcement
skinner box, train rat to push lever to get food

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5
Q

operant behavior

A

voluntary behavior

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6
Q

reinforcement

A

anything that, when following a response, causes that response to be more likely to happen again
typically pleasurable
key to learning in operant conditioning

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7
Q

reinforcers

A

items or events that when following a response will strengthen it

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8
Q

primary reinforcer

A

a reinforcer that fulfills a basic need like hunger, thirst, touch
infants, toddlers, children, and animals can be easily reinforced using these

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9
Q

secondary reinforcer

A

gets it reinforcing properties from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past
ex. money can be traded for food/drink
get power from classical conditioning

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10
Q

positive reinforcement

A

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable consequence
bx increases, something added

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11
Q

negative reinforcement

A

following a response with the removal or escape from something unpleasant will increase the likelihood of that response being repeated
bx increases, something removed

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12
Q

partial reinforcement effect

A

a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement

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13
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

a reinforcer for each and every correct response

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14
Q

interval schedule

A

when timing of response is important

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15
Q

ratio schedule

A

when number of responses is important

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16
Q

fixed

A

same in each case

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17
Q

variable

A

different in each case

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18
Q

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

A

a reinforcer is received after a certain, fixed interval of time has passed

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19
Q

scalloping

A

response rate goes up just before the reinforcer and drops off immediately after under almost time for next reinforcer

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20
Q

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

A

interval of time after which the individual must respond in order to receive a reinforcer changes from one time to the next

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21
Q

fixed ratio schedule or reinforcement

A

the number of responses required to receive each reinforcer will always be the same number

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22
Q

variable ratio schedule of reinforcement

A

the number of responses changes from one trial to the next

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23
Q

graphs of schedules of reinforcement

A

FI: bounces up
VI: semi straight line but different slopes
FR: steep line
VR: steep line, straighter

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24
Q

two additional factors that make reinforcement of bx as effective as possible

A
  1. timing: reinforcer given ASAP after desired bx

2. reinforce only desired bx

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25
Q

punishment

A

the opposite of reinforcement

any event or stimulus that, when following a response, causes that response to be less likely to happen again

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26
Q

punishment _____ responses, whereas reinforcement _____ responses

A

weakens, strenghtens

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27
Q

positive punishment

A

occurs when something unpleasant is added to the situation or applied
decreases bx, something added

28
Q

negative punishment

A

behavior is punished by the removal of something pleasurable or desired after the behavior occurs
decreases bx, something removed

29
Q

problems with positive punishment

A

too severe
leads to aggressive bx in kids
1. could cause kid to avoid punisher instead of bx being punished
2. may encourage lying to avoid punishment
3 creates fear and anxiety
4. hitting provides successful model for aggression

30
Q

problems with negative punishment

A

teaches child what not to do but not what child should do

after time bx most likely return as memory of punishment gets weaker, allowing spontaneous recovery

31
Q

how to make punishment more effective

A
  1. punishment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish
  2. punishment should be consistent (same punishment, same intensity)
  3. punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior
32
Q

spanking and aggression

A

link in kids

taylor and colleagues found so

33
Q

discriminative stimulus

A

any stimulus that provides an organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
specific cues lead to specific responses, and discriminating between the cues leads to success

34
Q

shaping

A

aka shaping by successive approximation
small steps toward some ultimate goal reinforced until goal itself is reached
process in operant conditioning

35
Q

successive approximation

A

part of shaping
small steps one after the other that get closer and closer to the goal
skinner

36
Q

extinction

A

removal of reinforcement

37
Q

generalization and spontaneous recovery

A

generalization can happen in operant too

spontaneous recovery happens in operant too

38
Q

brelands

A

paper
trained by skinner
study raccoon putting in slit

39
Q

biological constraints on operant conditioning

A
  1. animal doesn’t come into lab as blank slate, can’t be taught any bx
  2. differences between species of animals matter in determining what bx can or can’t be conditioned
  3. not all responses are equally able to be conditioned to any stimulus
40
Q

instinctive drift

A

the tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns
brelands
pigs and raccoons treat stimulus as food

41
Q

behavior modification

A

the application of operant conditioning and sometimes classical conditioning to bring about changes in undesirable behavior to create desirable responses

42
Q

how to modify bx

A
  1. select target bx
  2. choose reinforcer
  3. put plan in action (appropriate bx reinforced, inappropriate bx not reinforced)
  4. reward for doing bx at end
43
Q

tokens

A

secondary reinforcers that can be traded in for other kinds of reinforcers

44
Q

token economy

A

the use of tokens to modify behavior

45
Q

ABA

A

applied behavior analysis
modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses both analysis of current behavior and behavioral techniques to address a socially relevant issue
skills broken down to their simplest steps and then taught to child through system of reinforcement
prompts given as needed then gradually withdrawn

46
Q

autism

A

disorder in which person has great difficulty in communicating with others, often refusing to look at another person
ABA applications here
lovaas works w, uses ABA to modify bx

47
Q

biofeedback

A

the traditional term used to describe kind of biological feedback of information
use feedback from biological info to create state of relaxation

48
Q

neurofeedback

A

newer biofeedback technique
involves trying to change brain activity
record electrical activity of brain w electroencephalograph
learn how to produce brain waves or specific types of brain activity associated with certain states
learn to make changes through operant conditioning

49
Q

ways to modify bx

A 
token economy
time out
applied behavior analysis
biofeedback
neurofeedback
50
Q

cognition

A

the mental events that take place inside a person’s mind while behvaing

51
Q

three important figures cited as key theorists in early days of development of cognitive learning theory

A

gestalt psychologists dolman and kohler and modern psychology seligman

52
Q

tolman

A

teach three groups of rats same maze
first group reinforced with food for making it out
second group didn’t receive reinforcement until tenth day
third group no reinforcement ever

53
Q

results of dolman’s rat experiment

A

first group solve maze faster than other groups

but on tenth day second group solve maze almost immediately

54
Q

tolman conclusion

A

rats in second group had learned maze and stored knowledge away but hadn’t demonstrated it bc no need to

55
Q

cognitive map

A

mental map

56
Q

latent learning

A

cognitive map had hidden (remained latent) until rats had reason to demonstrate knowledge
idea that learning can happen without reinforcement and then later affect behavior
not something traditional operant conditioning could explain

57
Q

kohler experiment

A 
chimp
how to get banana outside cage
use stick
eventually push sticks together then fit them together
demonstrated insight
58
Q

insight

A

rapid perception of relationships
can’t be gained through trial and error learning alone
requires sudden coming together of all elements of a problem in a kind of aha moment that is not predicted by traditional animal learning studies

59
Q

seligman

A

found positive psychology

experiment on dogs

60
Q

positive psychology

A

new way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy that focuses on the adaptive, creative, and psychologically more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders

61
Q

learned helplessness

A

the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

62
Q

seligman dog experiment

A

dogs that couldn’t initially escape shock didn’t try to when they could, dogs that hadn’t been in harnesses escaped it

63
Q

maier

A

seligman colleague

brain mechanisms, focus on area of brain stem that releases serotonin and can play role in activating amygdala

64
Q

vmPFC

A

maier
ventromedial prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe
helps determine what behavior is controllable
inhibits brain stem and calms amygdala, allows animal to respond to stressor and exhibit control

65
Q

depression

A

learned helplessness in some cases

think they won’t be able to escape so don’t try

AP Psych 2 (56 decks)

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