Development 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

preferential looking

A

way to study baby preferences

assumes that the longer an infant spends looking at a stimulus, the more the infant prefers that stimulus over others

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2
Q

habituation

A

way to study baby preferences

tendency for infants to stop paying attention to a stimulus that does not change

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3
Q

reflexes

A

babies come into world with set of innate involuntary behavior patterns called reflexes
ex grasping, startle (moro), roting, sucking, stepping

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4
Q

synaptic pruning

A

necessary loss of neurons during development of infant brain after birth as unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells

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5
Q

senses at birth

A

touch is most developed
smell and taste highly but not fully developed
hearing functional but takes a bit to reach full potential
least functional is vision

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6
Q

six motor milestones

A
  1. raising head and chest 2-4 months
  2. rolling over 2-5 months
  3. sitting up with support 4-6 months
  4. sitting up without support 6-7 months
  5. crawling 7-8 months
  6. walking 8-18 months
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7
Q

cognitive development

A

development of thinking, problem solving, and memory

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8
Q

piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A

sensorimotor stage, pre operational stage, concrete operations stage, formal operations stage
believe kids form schemas for mental concepts as experience new things

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9
Q

assimilation

A

piaget

kids first try to understand new things in terms of schemas they already possess

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10
Q

accommodation

A

piaget

process of altering or adjusting old schemas to fit new information and experiences

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11
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

first stage, 0-2
infants use their senses and motor abilities to learn about the world around them
at first only have involuntary reflexes then interact deliberately by grasp, tasting, etc
develop object permanence

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12
Q

object permanence

A

the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
critical step in developing language

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13
Q

pre operational stage

A

second stage, 2-7
develop language and concepts
kids can ask questions and explore surroundings more fully
pretending and make believe possible
not yet capable of logical thought
animism and egocentrism and centration and conservation

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14
Q

animism

A

preparational stage

belief that anything that moves is alive

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15
Q

egocentrism

A

pre operational stage
inability to see world through anyone else’s eyes but one’s own
everyone sees what they see and everyone thinks how they think

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16
Q

centration

A

pre operational stage

focusing only on one feature of some object rather than taking all features into consideration

17
Q

conservation

A

pre operational stage

the ability to understand that altering the appearance of something does not change its amount, its volume, or its mass

18
Q

irreversibility

A

pre operational stage
kids fail at conservation because they contrite and are unable to mentally reverse actions
inability to mental reverse actions

19
Q

concrete operations stage

A

third stage, 7-12
kids finally capable of conservation and reversible thinking
think more logically
major limitation is inability to deal with abstract concepts
can deal with concrete concepts but not abstract concepts

20
Q

formal operations stage

A
fourth stage, 12+
abstract thinking possible
hypothetical thinking
not everyone reaches this stage
often need it for college
21
Q

piaget vs vygotsky

A

piaget stress importance of kid’s interaction with objects as primary factor in cognitive development
vygotsky stress importance of social and cultural interactions with other people

22
Q

scaffolding

A

vygotsky believe in this
kids develop cognitively when someone else helps them by asking leading questions and providing examples of concepts
more highly skilled person gives learner more help at beginning of learning process and then begins to withdraw as learner’s skill improves

23
Q

zone of proximal development

A

vygotsky

difference between what a child can do alone versus what a child can do with the help of a teacher

24
Q

child-directed speech

A

how people speak to babies

higher pitched, repetitious, sing song speech patterns

25
Q

receptive productive lag

A

infants seem to understand far more than they can produce

26
Q

stages of language development

A

cooing, babbling, one word speech, telegraphic speech, whole sentences

27
Q

stages of language development nuances

A

holophrases in one word speech are whole phrases in one word

28
Q

autism

A

neurodevelopment disorder that encompasses many disorders
problems in thinking, feeling, language, and social skills
not caused by vaccines although wakefield made study that said so