science test on processes Flashcards
Process that unzips, copies to make RNA and then goes to the ribosome
Transcription
Cellular respiration has three cycles….
Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Takes mRNA and makes proteins, mRNA goes to the ER to be _________, and tRNA brings over the amino acids, it goes codon by codon
Translated
What brings over amino acids during translation?
tRNA
MRNA goes to ____ to be translated
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transcription uses _____ to unzip
DNA Helicase
Translation uses _____ to copy
RNA Polymerase
What are the steps of mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis
The cell has completed replication as well as replication of centrioles and mitochondria and synthesis of extra membrane. It has divided, grown, and duplicated so two daughter cells can form from one cell at the end of this phase. It is a time of great synthetic activity. During this phase it obtains nutrients, and utilizes them to manufacture new living material. The cell duplicates membranes, ribosomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria. It also replicates the genetic material. This is important so the two daughter cells can have a complete set of genetic instructions. Is considered in phases, DNA replication occurs in S (synthesis), which is split into growth periods, G1 and G2 when other structures are duplicated
Interphase
Chromosomes condense and become visible. The centrioles replicate of the centrosome replicate just before mitosis. During this phase, the two newly formed centrioles pairs move to opposite ends of the cell. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse. Microtubules are assembled from tubulins proteins in the cytoplasm and associate with the centrioles and chromosomes. Spindle apparatus forms
Prophase
Chromosomes align along equator as a result of microtubule activity. Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome so that a fiber from one pair of centrioles contacts one centromere and a fiber from the other pair of centrioles attaches to the other centromere
Metaphase
Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles of the cell. As the chromatids separate, they become individual chromosomes. The separated chromosomes now move in opposite directions, once again guided by microtubule activity. The spindle fibers shorten and pull their attached chromosomes toward the centrioles at opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
In this stage the chromosomes complete their migration toward the centrioles. It is like the reverse of prophase. As chromosomes approach the centrioles they elongate and unwind. Nuclear envelopes begin to resemble around two daughter nuclei. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Division of the cytoplasm into two cells.
Telophase and Cytokinesis
Blank is the master plan and blank is the blueprint of the master plan
DNA; RNA
Blank has a sugar ribose, contains Uracil, and is single stranded
RNA
Blank has sugar deoxyribose, contains thymine, and is double stranded
DNA
What are the three types of RNA
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
Copies DNA codes and carries genetic info to ribosomes
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Along with proteins it makes of ribosomes
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Contains genes, sequences of nucleotide bases
DNA
Genes are code for ______
polypeptides (proteins)
______are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells
Proteins
There are ____ amino acids
20
_______ is the third level of proteins
Tertiary
Amino acid chains are also called _____
Polypeptides
Proteins are made in the _____ of cells by the organelle ______
Cytoplasm; ribosome
In what process is DNA copied and taken to the cytosol, n the cytoplasm it is read so amino acids can assemble to make proteins
Protein synthesis
What is the first step of protein synthesis
Transcription
What is the second step of protein synthesis
Translation
Where does transcription occur
Nucleus
Where does translation occur
Cytoplasm
Nitrogen bases are read ___ bases at a time
Three
The bases on the mRNA strand are called
Codons
The bases on tRNA are called
Anti-codons
What is the start codon in translation
AUG – methionine
What are the stop codons of translation
UAA, UAG, UGA
During translation, C=? G=? A=? T=?
G, C, U, A
How many different kinds of bases can be found on DNA
Four; thymine, adenine, cytosine, guanine
What goes into the Krebs cycle and what comes out
In: glucose -> pyruvic acid -> Acetyl CoA.
Out: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, and 4 CO2
One glucose molecule can be turned into
Two pyruvic acid molecules
Pyruvic acid can form
Two acetyl CoA
The _______ makes ___ ATP. _____ makes ___ ATP. Therefore a single glucose molecule makes ___ ATP.
Electron Transport Chain; 34; Glycolysis; 2; 36
The breaking down of Lucas that occurs in the cytosol because it does not require oxygen
Glycolysis
The high-energy electrons still contain most of the chemical energy from the original glucose molecule. Special carrier molecules bring the high energy electronics to a series of enzymes that store much of the remaining energy in more ATP molecules. The other products are heat and water. The function of oxygen as the final electron acceptor is why ____ is an aerobic process
ETC
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6 H12 O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Long straight chain of nucleotides, made in the nucleus, copies DNA and leaves through nuclear pores, contains A, G, C ,U (not T),
mRNA
Another name for Kreb’s cycle is
Citric Acid Cycle
DNA is found where
Nucleus
Amino acids are linked together by
Peptide bonds
Maybe free-floating in the cytosol or attached to the surface of the rough ER
Ribosome
DNAs code must be copied and taken to the _____
Cytosol
In the cytoplasm, the DNA must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make _____
Polypeptides or Proteins
The process of amino acids making proteins are polypeptides is called what
Protein synthesis
Carries the information for a specific protein and is made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long
Messenger RNA
Making RNA from DNA
Transcription
Assembling amino acids according to the sequence of an mRNA strand
Translation
Protein synthesis involves what organelles
Nucleus, cytoplasm, ribosome
Cellular respiration involves what organelles
Mitochondria
Mitosis involves what organelles
Centrioles and nucleus
