history: chpt. 10 test Flashcards
Egg-shaped
Elliptical
Sun-centered model of the universe
Heliocentric
Law of universal attraction
Gravity
His observations suggested that planets had substance
Galileo
He developed laws of planetary motion
Kepler
The scientific method was all of the following EXCEPT…
A. Systematic procedure
B. Based on collecting and analyzing evidence
C. Reliant on the use of ancient authorities
D. Crucial to the evolution of science
C. Reliant on the use of ancient authorities
Inductive reasoning involved
Proceeding from the particular to the general
René Descartes believed in one absolute truth,
His own existence
Rationalism is the belief that
Reason is the chief source of knowledge
Francis Bacon, who developed the scientific method, was a
Philosopher
Philosophers, writers, economists, social reformers
Philosophes
System of political limits and controls
Separation of powers
To let (people) do (what they want)
Lasses-faire
Idea that God lets the universe run by its own laws
Deism
Interests of the Physiocrats and Adam Smith
Natural economic laws
In “The Wealth of Nations”, Adam Smith gave all of the following roles to government EXCEPT…
A. Protection (the army)
B. Defense (the police)
C. Religion (the church)
D. Public works
C. Religion (the church)
Rousseau argued that society should be governed by…
A. The military
B. The church
C. A monarch
D. A social contract
D. A social contract
Rousseau believed in all of the following EXCEPT…
A. Balance of heart and mind
B. Abolition of the church
C. Rule of the general will
D. Education fostering natural instincts
B. Abolition of the church
Diderot’s Encyclopedia was used to…
Attack religious superstition
Montesquieu’s ideas were used in
The United States Constitution
New, graceful, enthusiastic artistic style of the 1730s
Rococo
Handel’s best known religious work
Messiah
Monarchical rule by Enlightenment principles
Enlightened absolutism
Traditional Austrian empress
Maria Theresa
Alliance of France, Austria, and Russia
Diplomatic revolution
All of the following were outcomes of the Seven Years’ War in North America EXCEPT…
A. France gave Louisiana to Spain
B. Spanish Florida came under British control
C. Canada became British
D. The 13 colonies became British
D. The 13 colonies became British
In the War of Austrian Succession,
Prussia invaded Austria
The concern of eighteenth monarchs for a balance of power involved all of the following EXCEPT…
A. Desire for peace
B. Larger armies
C. Expanded territory
D. Preventing domination by one state
A. Desire for peace
Catherine the Great of Russia did all of the following EXCEPT…
A. Favor the landed nobility
B. Expand serfdom
C. Enlarge the Russian
D. Reform the law code
D. Reform the law code
Frederick the Great of Prussia,
Enlarged the army
Offspring of Africans and Europeans
Mulattoes
Offspring of Europeans and Native Americans
Mestizos
Major intent of Spanish and Portuguese conquerors
Christianizing
British tax on certain printed materials
Stamp Act
Sharing of power between national and state governments
Federal system
The first American constitution was the,
Articles of confederation
The three branches of the national government were the…
Judicial, executive, legislative
The first constitution gave the national government…
Too little power
The second Continental Congress approved a…
Declaration of Independence
The Union of England and Scotland in 1707 created
The United Kingdom of Great Britain
Earth is at the center of the universe
Geocentric
The geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the Middle Ages; named after the astronomer Ptolemy, who lived,in Alexandria during the second century
Ptolemaic system
Sun-centered
Heliocentric
Explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun
Universal Law of Gravitation
The belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge
Rationalism
A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
Scientific method
Scientists should proceed from the particular to the general
Inductive reasoning
Lived in the second century, was the greatest astronomer of antiquity; constructed the Ptolemaic system
Ptolemy
Was a native of Poland, published “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres”; he was a mathematician and believed the universe was heliocentric
Nicholas Copernicus
Taught mathematics; was the first took make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope; believed the planets had substance
Galileo Galilei
Attended _____, and later became a mathematics professor there. He wrote, “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, simply known as “Principia”
Issac Newton; Cambridge University
One of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments
Robert Boyle
One of the most prominent female scientists of the seventeenth century, came from an aristocratic family; wrote many works including “Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy”
Margaret Cavendish
Most famous female astronomer in Germany; discovered the comet; applied for a position as assistant astronomer at Berlin Academy, but was die iced the post because she was a woman without a degree
Maria Winkelmann
French philosopher; father of rationalism
René Descartes
Developed the scientific method, but was a philosopher; believed scientists should use inducting reasoning
Francis Bacon
Where Nicholas Copernicus was from
Poland
Where Vesalius went to college, the University of ____
Padua
Contrast the Ptolemaic, or geocentric, system of the universe to the heliocentric system developed by Copernicus
Ptolemaic’s geocentric idea is the the universe is when Earth is at the center of the universe and Copernicus’s heliocentric idea is when the sun is at the center of the universe
List the pioneers of modern chemistry who lived during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Robert Boyle, Andreas Vesalius, Antoine Lavoisier, Margaret Cavendish, and Maria Winkelmann
The intellectuals of the enlightenment
Philosophe
The executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the government limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances
Separation of powers
An 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law
Deism
Literally, “Let (people) do (what they want),” the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone
Laissez-faire
Society agrees to be governed by its general will
Social contract
Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class’s great urban houses
Salon
Influence the enlightenment; thought that we were born with blank minds (tabula rasa) and molded by the experiences that came through our senses from the surrounding world
John Locke
One of the three French Giants; came from the French nobility; wrote The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. He believed that England’s government had three branches: the executive (a monarch), the legislative (parliament), and the judicial (the courts of law)
Montesquieu
The greatest figure of the enlightenment; a Parisian. He fought against religious intolerance in France. In 1763 he penned is Treatise on Toleration, and what is your many governments that “all men are brothers under God.”
Voltaire
Went to the University of Paris; became a freelance writer so that he could study and reading many subjects and languages. His best famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia.
Diderot
Made the best statement of laissez-faire in 1776 in his most famous work “The Wealth of Nations”. He believed that the government should: protect society (the army); defend citizens (the police); and keep up with public works
Adam Smith
Wrote “The Social Contract in 1762 and believed in the social contract
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Was an English writer who advance the strongest statement for the rights of women. Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women.”
Mary Wollstonecraft
His work included Methodism; was an Anglican minister
John Wesley
Where Dennis Diderot attended college
Paris
Where the newspapers were first printed in 1702
London
Explain the influence of Isaac Newton and John Locke on the Enlightenment thinkers.
Newton’s ideas – the physical world and everything in it was like a giant machine. Using Newton’s methods people believed that they could discover natural laws to produce to society
Locke’s ideas – that every person was born with a blank mind. People are molded by the experiences that came from the surrounding world
List the primary occupations of the philosophes
Writers, professors, journalists, economics, and above all, social reformers
New artistic style that spreading the 1730s
Rococo
Rulers tried to govern by enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers
Enlightened absolutism
A renowned organist as well as a composer he spent most of his life in Germany. He composed his “Mass in B Minor” and other works gave him the reputation of being one of the greatest composers of all time
Johann Sebastian Bach
A German who spent most of his career in England; best known for his religious music. His greatest work was “Messiah”
George Frederick Handel
Spent most of his adult life as A musical director for wealthy Hungarian princes. Composed “The Creation” and “The Seasons”
Franz Joseph Haydn
A child prodigy; he wrote “The Marriage of Figaro”, “The Magic Flute”, and “Don Giovanni”, which are three of the world’s greatest operas.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
One of the best educated in most cultured monarchs in the 18th century
Frederick the great
A traditional Austrian Empress who inherited the throne in 1740 and work to centralize the Austrian empire and strengthen the power of the state
Maria Theresa
Emerged from the death of her husband Peter the third and ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796.
Catherine the great
Major European powers in the 18th century
Prussia, Austria, Russia
Austrian country; what the War of Austrian Succession was fought over
Silesia
Describe the characteristics of an ideal enlightened ruler. Do any of the 18th century rulers discussed in this section have the characteristics of an ideal ruler?
Frederick the second, Catherine the second, and Maria Theresa were selfish. They were chiefly guided by a concern for the power and well-being of their state. Joseph the second sought truly radical changes based on enlightenment ideas, so he showed the characteristics of an idea
List all the countries in the world that fought in the Seven Years’ War. Which country gained the most territory?
Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France/Britain gained the most territory
Europeans and Native Americans offspring
Mestizos
Africans and Europeans offspring
Mulattoes
Power is shared between the national government and the state government
Federal system
A nun who urged that women be educated
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz
Served as head of the cabinet (later called the prime minister) from 1712 to 1742 and pursued a peaceful foreign-policy
Robert Walpole
In 1714, a new dynasty—_____—was established when the last Stuart ruler, Queen Anna died without an heir
Hanoverians
Located in south America; Portugal came to dominate it in the 16th century
Brazil
Located in Virginia; the last battle of the Revolutionary war was fought, the British surrendered, and the Treaty of Paris was signed
Yorktown
Explain the role of the Catholic Church and it’s missionaries and colonial Latin America
They Christianize natives, though cathedrals, hospitals, orphanages, and schools for the colonies, and they allowed women to become nuns
List of freedoms guaranteed under the American Bill of Rights
- Freedom of speech
- Freedom of religion
- Freedom of the press
- Freedom of petition
- Freedom of the assembly
- The right to bear arms
- To be protected against unreasonable searches 8. To be protected against unreasonable arrests
- Guaranteed trial by jury, due to process of law 10. Protection of property rights
A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
Scientific method
The idea that earth is at the center of the universe is called a blank or blank system
Geocentric or Ptolemaic
In the Americas, the offspring of European and American native peoples were called…
Mestizos
A new type of monarchy called blank was influenced by reform-minded Philosophes
Enlightened absolutism
In the blank, power is shared between the national government and state government
Federal system
When scientists proceed from the particular to the general they are using…
Inductive reasoning
The belief that the sun is at the center of the universe is called a blank theory
Heliocentric
The intellects, or thinkers, of the enlightenment, were generally called…
Philosophes
Descartes is known as the father of…
Rationalism
The doctrine that maintains the state should not intervene in economics is called…
Laissez-faire
What was the enlightenment
In 18th-century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the scientific revolution
Name two of the three groups that officially ran the 13 British colonies in North America
British Board of trade and the Royal Council; the other was Parliament
According to Adam Smith, what was the proper role of government in society
- Protect society (the army)
- Defend the citizens (the police)
- Keep up with public works
Name to early 18th century composers who have stood out as musical geniuses of the Baroque style
Bach and Handel
What country challenged Spanish power in the Americas
Britain
What did Henry Fielding write about in his novels? What was his most popular work?
He wrote about people without morals to survive by their wits/”The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling”
How did Newton explain the universal law of gravitation
Newtons world machine, one universal law explains all motion in the universe
Why is Mary Wollstonecraft often considered the founder of the modern women’s movement
She made the strongest statement for the rights of women
And his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” what ideas did John Locke propose?
Every person is born with a blank mind and molded by their experiences
What was the major accomplishment of the second Continental Congress
They approved the Declaration of Independence
Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Wrote Discourse on Method
Rene Descartes
Wrote Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy
Margaret Cavendish
