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Allie's Flashcardlet > history: chpt. 10 test > Flashcards

history: chpt. 10 test Flashcards

0
Q

Egg-shaped

A

Elliptical

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1
Q

Sun-centered model of the universe

A

Heliocentric

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2
Q

Law of universal attraction

A

Gravity

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3
Q

His observations suggested that planets had substance

A

Galileo

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4
Q

He developed laws of planetary motion

A

Kepler

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5
Q

The scientific method was all of the following EXCEPT…

A. Systematic procedure
B. Based on collecting and analyzing evidence
C. Reliant on the use of ancient authorities
D. Crucial to the evolution of science

A

C. Reliant on the use of ancient authorities

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6
Q

Inductive reasoning involved

A

Proceeding from the particular to the general

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7
Q

René Descartes believed in one absolute truth,

A

His own existence

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8
Q

Rationalism is the belief that

A

Reason is the chief source of knowledge

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9
Q

Francis Bacon, who developed the scientific method, was a

A

Philosopher

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10
Q

Philosophers, writers, economists, social reformers

A

Philosophes

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11
Q

System of political limits and controls

A

Separation of powers

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12
Q

To let (people) do (what they want)

A

Lasses-faire

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13
Q

Idea that God lets the universe run by its own laws

A

Deism

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14
Q

Interests of the Physiocrats and Adam Smith

A

Natural economic laws

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15
Q

In “The Wealth of Nations”, Adam Smith gave all of the following roles to government EXCEPT…

A. Protection (the army)
B. Defense (the police)
C. Religion (the church)
D. Public works

A

C. Religion (the church)

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16
Q

Rousseau argued that society should be governed by…

A. The military
B. The church
C. A monarch
D. A social contract

A

D. A social contract

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17
Q

Rousseau believed in all of the following EXCEPT…

A. Balance of heart and mind
B. Abolition of the church
C. Rule of the general will
D. Education fostering natural instincts

A

B. Abolition of the church

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18
Q

Diderot’s Encyclopedia was used to…

A

Attack religious superstition

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19
Q

Montesquieu’s ideas were used in

A

The United States Constitution

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20
Q

New, graceful, enthusiastic artistic style of the 1730s

A

Rococo

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21
Q

Handel’s best known religious work

A

Messiah

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22
Q

Monarchical rule by Enlightenment principles

A

Enlightened absolutism

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23
Q

Traditional Austrian empress

A

Maria Theresa

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24
Q

Alliance of France, Austria, and Russia

A

Diplomatic revolution

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25
Q

All of the following were outcomes of the Seven Years’ War in North America EXCEPT…

A. France gave Louisiana to Spain
B. Spanish Florida came under British control
C. Canada became British
D. The 13 colonies became British

A

D. The 13 colonies became British

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26
Q

In the War of Austrian Succession,

A

Prussia invaded Austria

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27
Q

The concern of eighteenth monarchs for a balance of power involved all of the following EXCEPT…

A. Desire for peace
B. Larger armies
C. Expanded territory
D. Preventing domination by one state

A

A. Desire for peace

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28
Q

Catherine the Great of Russia did all of the following EXCEPT…

A. Favor the landed nobility
B. Expand serfdom
C. Enlarge the Russian
D. Reform the law code

A

D. Reform the law code

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29
Q

Frederick the Great of Prussia,

A

Enlarged the army

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30
Q

Offspring of Africans and Europeans

A

Mulattoes

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31
Q

Offspring of Europeans and Native Americans

A

Mestizos

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32
Q

Major intent of Spanish and Portuguese conquerors

A

Christianizing

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33
Q

British tax on certain printed materials

A

Stamp Act

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34
Q

Sharing of power between national and state governments

A

Federal system

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35
Q

The first American constitution was the,

A

Articles of confederation

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36
Q

The three branches of the national government were the…

A

Judicial, executive, legislative

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37
Q

The first constitution gave the national government…

A

Too little power

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38
Q

The second Continental Congress approved a…

A

Declaration of Independence

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39
Q

The Union of England and Scotland in 1707 created

A

The United Kingdom of Great Britain

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40
Q

Earth is at the center of the universe

A

Geocentric

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41
Q

The geocentric model of the universe that prevailed in the Middle Ages; named after the astronomer Ptolemy, who lived,in Alexandria during the second century

A

Ptolemaic system

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42
Q

Sun-centered

A

Heliocentric

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43
Q

Explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but instead continue in elliptical orbits about the sun

A

Universal Law of Gravitation

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44
Q

The belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

A

Rationalism

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45
Q

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

A

Scientific method

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46
Q

Scientists should proceed from the particular to the general

A

Inductive reasoning

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47
Q

Lived in the second century, was the greatest astronomer of antiquity; constructed the Ptolemaic system

A

Ptolemy

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48
Q

Was a native of Poland, published “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres”; he was a mathematician and believed the universe was heliocentric

A

Nicholas Copernicus

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49
Q

Taught mathematics; was the first took make regular observations of the heavens using a telescope; believed the planets had substance

A

Galileo Galilei

50
Q

Attended _____, and later became a mathematics professor there. He wrote, “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, simply known as “Principia”

A

Issac Newton; Cambridge University

51
Q

One of the first scientists to conduct controlled experiments

A

Robert Boyle

52
Q

One of the most prominent female scientists of the seventeenth century, came from an aristocratic family; wrote many works including “Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy”

A

Margaret Cavendish

53
Q

Most famous female astronomer in Germany; discovered the comet; applied for a position as assistant astronomer at Berlin Academy, but was die iced the post because she was a woman without a degree

A

Maria Winkelmann

54
Q

French philosopher; father of rationalism

A

René Descartes

55
Q

Developed the scientific method, but was a philosopher; believed scientists should use inducting reasoning

A

Francis Bacon

56
Q

Where Nicholas Copernicus was from

A

Poland

57
Q

Where Vesalius went to college, the University of ____

A

Padua

58
Q

Contrast the Ptolemaic, or geocentric, system of the universe to the heliocentric system developed by Copernicus

A

Ptolemaic’s geocentric idea is the the universe is when Earth is at the center of the universe and Copernicus’s heliocentric idea is when the sun is at the center of the universe

59
Q

List the pioneers of modern chemistry who lived during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries

A

Robert Boyle, Andreas Vesalius, Antoine Lavoisier, Margaret Cavendish, and Maria Winkelmann

60
Q

The intellectuals of the enlightenment

A

Philosophe

61
Q

The executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the government limit and control each other in a system of checks and balances

A

Separation of powers

62
Q

An 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

A

Deism

63
Q

Literally, “Let (people) do (what they want),” the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy alone

A

Laissez-faire

64
Q

Society agrees to be governed by its general will

A

Social contract

65
Q

Elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class’s great urban houses

A

Salon

66
Q

Influence the enlightenment; thought that we were born with blank minds (tabula rasa) and molded by the experiences that came through our senses from the surrounding world

A

John Locke

67
Q

One of the three French Giants; came from the French nobility; wrote The Spirit of the Laws in 1748. He believed that England’s government had three branches: the executive (a monarch), the legislative (parliament), and the judicial (the courts of law)

A

Montesquieu

68
Q

The greatest figure of the enlightenment; a Parisian. He fought against religious intolerance in France. In 1763 he penned is Treatise on Toleration, and what is your many governments that “all men are brothers under God.”

A

Voltaire

69
Q

Went to the University of Paris; became a freelance writer so that he could study and reading many subjects and languages. His best famous contribution to the Enlightenment was the Encyclopedia.

A

Diderot

70
Q

Made the best statement of laissez-faire in 1776 in his most famous work “The Wealth of Nations”. He believed that the government should: protect society (the army); defend citizens (the police); and keep up with public works

A

Adam Smith

71
Q

Wrote “The Social Contract in 1762 and believed in the social contract

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

72
Q

Was an English writer who advance the strongest statement for the rights of women. Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women.”

A

Mary Wollstonecraft

73
Q

His work included Methodism; was an Anglican minister

A

John Wesley

74
Q

Where Dennis Diderot attended college

A

Paris

75
Q

Where the newspapers were first printed in 1702

A

London

76
Q

Explain the influence of Isaac Newton and John Locke on the Enlightenment thinkers.

A

Newton’s ideas – the physical world and everything in it was like a giant machine. Using Newton’s methods people believed that they could discover natural laws to produce to society
Locke’s ideas – that every person was born with a blank mind. People are molded by the experiences that came from the surrounding world

77
Q

List the primary occupations of the philosophes

A

Writers, professors, journalists, economics, and above all, social reformers

78
Q

New artistic style that spreading the 1730s

A

Rococo

79
Q

Rulers tried to govern by enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers

A

Enlightened absolutism

80
Q

A renowned organist as well as a composer he spent most of his life in Germany. He composed his “Mass in B Minor” and other works gave him the reputation of being one of the greatest composers of all time

A

Johann Sebastian Bach

81
Q

A German who spent most of his career in England; best known for his religious music. His greatest work was “Messiah”

A

George Frederick Handel

82
Q

Spent most of his adult life as A musical director for wealthy Hungarian princes. Composed “The Creation” and “The Seasons”

A

Franz Joseph Haydn

83
Q

A child prodigy; he wrote “The Marriage of Figaro”, “The Magic Flute”, and “Don Giovanni”, which are three of the world’s greatest operas.

A

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

84
Q

One of the best educated in most cultured monarchs in the 18th century

A

Frederick the great

85
Q

A traditional Austrian Empress who inherited the throne in 1740 and work to centralize the Austrian empire and strengthen the power of the state

A

Maria Theresa

86
Q

Emerged from the death of her husband Peter the third and ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796.

A

Catherine the great

87
Q

Major European powers in the 18th century

A

Prussia, Austria, Russia

88
Q

Austrian country; what the War of Austrian Succession was fought over

A

Silesia

89
Q

Describe the characteristics of an ideal enlightened ruler. Do any of the 18th century rulers discussed in this section have the characteristics of an ideal ruler?

A

Frederick the second, Catherine the second, and Maria Theresa were selfish. They were chiefly guided by a concern for the power and well-being of their state. Joseph the second sought truly radical changes based on enlightenment ideas, so he showed the characteristics of an idea

90
Q

List all the countries in the world that fought in the Seven Years’ War. Which country gained the most territory?

A

Britain, Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France/Britain gained the most territory

91
Q

Europeans and Native Americans offspring

A

Mestizos

92
Q

Africans and Europeans offspring

A

Mulattoes

93
Q

Power is shared between the national government and the state government

A

Federal system

94
Q

A nun who urged that women be educated

A

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

95
Q

Served as head of the cabinet (later called the prime minister) from 1712 to 1742 and pursued a peaceful foreign-policy

A

Robert Walpole

96
Q

In 1714, a new dynasty—_____—was established when the last Stuart ruler, Queen Anna died without an heir

A

Hanoverians

97
Q

Located in south America; Portugal came to dominate it in the 16th century

A

Brazil

98
Q

Located in Virginia; the last battle of the Revolutionary war was fought, the British surrendered, and the Treaty of Paris was signed

A

Yorktown

99
Q

Explain the role of the Catholic Church and it’s missionaries and colonial Latin America

A

They Christianize natives, though cathedrals, hospitals, orphanages, and schools for the colonies, and they allowed women to become nuns

100
Q

List of freedoms guaranteed under the American Bill of Rights

A
  1. Freedom of speech
  2. Freedom of religion
  3. Freedom of the press
  4. Freedom of petition
  5. Freedom of the assembly
  6. The right to bear arms
  7. To be protected against unreasonable searches 8. To be protected against unreasonable arrests
  8. Guaranteed trial by jury, due to process of law 10. Protection of property rights
101
Q

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

A

Scientific method

102
Q

The idea that earth is at the center of the universe is called a blank or blank system

A

Geocentric or Ptolemaic

103
Q

In the Americas, the offspring of European and American native peoples were called…

A

Mestizos

104
Q

A new type of monarchy called blank was influenced by reform-minded Philosophes

A

Enlightened absolutism

105
Q

In the blank, power is shared between the national government and state government

A

Federal system

106
Q

When scientists proceed from the particular to the general they are using…

A

Inductive reasoning

107
Q

The belief that the sun is at the center of the universe is called a blank theory

A

Heliocentric

108
Q

The intellects, or thinkers, of the enlightenment, were generally called…

A

Philosophes

109
Q

Descartes is known as the father of…

A

Rationalism

110
Q

The doctrine that maintains the state should not intervene in economics is called…

A

Laissez-faire

111
Q

What was the enlightenment

A

In 18th-century philosophical movement of intellectuals who were greatly impressed with the achievements of the scientific revolution

112
Q

Name two of the three groups that officially ran the 13 British colonies in North America

A

British Board of trade and the Royal Council; the other was Parliament

113
Q

According to Adam Smith, what was the proper role of government in society

A
  1. Protect society (the army)
  2. Defend the citizens (the police)
  3. Keep up with public works
114
Q

Name to early 18th century composers who have stood out as musical geniuses of the Baroque style

A

Bach and Handel

115
Q

What country challenged Spanish power in the Americas

A

Britain

116
Q

What did Henry Fielding write about in his novels? What was his most popular work?

A

He wrote about people without morals to survive by their wits/”The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling”

117
Q

How did Newton explain the universal law of gravitation

A

Newtons world machine, one universal law explains all motion in the universe

118
Q

Why is Mary Wollstonecraft often considered the founder of the modern women’s movement

A

She made the strongest statement for the rights of women

119
Q

And his “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” what ideas did John Locke propose?

A

Every person is born with a blank mind and molded by their experiences

120
Q

What was the major accomplishment of the second Continental Congress

A

They approved the Declaration of Independence

121
Q

Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

122
Q

Wrote Discourse on Method

A

Rene Descartes

123
Q

Wrote Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy

A

Margaret Cavendish

Allie's Flashcardlet (68 decks)

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