science integumentary system test Flashcards
What are the layers of skin (top layer to bottom layer)
Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosm, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
(C)ome (L)et’s (G)et (S)un-(B)urned
What are the functions of skin
Protection (cushions, insulates, waterproof; protects from chemicals, heat, cold, bacteria; screens UV Rays) Synthesizes Vitamin D w/ UV rays Regulates body heat Prevents unnecessary water loss Sensory reception
Area of rapidly dividing cells; most melanocytes found here, single row of cuboidally shaped cells;
Stratum Basale
Langerhans cells abundant here; keratinocytes are spiny flattened
Stratum spinosum
Stratum begins where keratinization begins; keratohyalin present
Stratum granulosm
Clear translucent layer; found only on the palms and soles
Stratum lucidum
Cells are plasma membranes filled with keratin; 20-40 layers thick of dead cells
Stratum corneum
What are the cells involved in skin
Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel Cells, Langerhans Cells
Deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous proteins)
keratinocytes
Produce melanin
Melanocytes
Associated with sensory nerve endings
Merkel cells
Macrophage-like dendritic cells
Langerhans cells
The layer that anchors the skin to underlying organs and is composed of loose areolar and adipose tissue
Subcutaneous layer
Pigment that gives you your skin color; most important one
Melanin
What is the structure of hair
Root (embedded in skin) and shaft (protecting skins surface); made up of hard-keratin; hair follicle contains the hair root
What is the structure of nails
Made of hard keratin; protective coverings on the ends of fingers and toes; consists of a nail plates that overlies a service of skin called the nail bed; growth from nail matrix
Expanded deep end of hair
Hair bulb
Nipple like region of dermis containing capillaries
Papillae
Part of hair below the skin surface
Root
Part of hair above skin surface
Shaft
The epidermal layer surrounding the hair that extends down into the dermis or even the hypodermis
Hair follicle
Bundles of smooth muscle cells that calls hair to stand (chill bumps)
Arrector Pili
This chemical is a polymer of the amino acid tyrosine; made by melanocytes and transferred into keratinocytes; most important in skin color
Melanin
Name three pigments responsible for skin color
Melanin, hemoglobin, carotenes
Name two general kinds of sweat glands
Eccrine and apocrine
Most common type of sweat gland; duct reaches the surface; thermoregulation function; most abundant on palms, souls, and forehead
Eccrine gland
How does the body regulate temperature?
Regulation of body temperature is important because the slightest change can disrupt metabolic reactions. When body temperature rises, nerve impulses tell the skin and other organs to release heat. Sweating allows the body to cool by releasing heat from the skin’s surface. When the body temperature drops, the brain triggers different responses such as blood vessels contracting and shivering. These actions generate body heat.
How does the body heal wounds?
If the wound is shallow, epithelial cells divide more rapidly, and newly formed cells fill the gap. If the wound extends into the dermis or subcutaneous layer, blood vessels break and escaping blood forms clots in the wound. The clot forms a scab. Fibroblasts migrate to the scab to bind the wound together. Then phagocytic cells remove dead cells, replace damaged tissues, and the scab falls off. If the wound is extensive it may form a scar.
What are the types of burns
1st°, 2nd°, third-degree
A burn down to the subcutaneous layer
Third-degree burn
A burn down to the dermis layer
Second-degree burn
A burned down to the epidermis layer
1st° burn
If you have a scar, they burn was close to a ___ degree burn
Second-degree burn
Absorbs ultraviolet radiation, prevents mutations in the DNA of skin cells another damaging effects, a dark pigment that provides skin color
Melanin
A tough, fibrous, waterproof protein
Keratin
Contains groups a specialized epithelial cells and are usually associated with hair follicles; also called holocrine glands; secrete and oily mixture of fatty material and cellular debris called sebum into hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Duct does not come to the surface; gland ruptures to release contents; sebaceous glands are of this kind; responsible for pimples; all over the body except palms and soles; lubricates hair and skin, also bactericidal
Holocrine glands a.k.a. sebaceous glands
Outermost covering
Epidermis
Black, brown, or yellow tint
Melanin
Adipose layer
Subcutaneous layer
Non living protein
Keratin
True layer of skin
Dermis
Tube that holds the hair root
Hair follicle
Outer cuticle layer of the hair shaft
Cortex
Lubricates skin make it soft and pliable
Sebum
Contains capillaries that nourish the hair follicle
Papilla
