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BDS Stage 1 > SBA > Flashcards

SBA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the enzyme deficient in fructosuria ?

A

hepatic fructokinase

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2
Q

What is the action of hepatic fructokinase ?

A

fructose to fructose 1 phosphate

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3
Q

What is the enzyme missing in hereditary fructose intolerance ?

A

fructose 1 phosphate aldolase

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4
Q

What is the problem in HFI ?

A

inorganic phosphate trapped as fructose 1 phospahte
needed to phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase and fructose 1 6 BPase in gluconoeogenesis
asa result- fructose uptake leads to hypoglycaemia

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5
Q

Where is the superior sagittal sinus ?

A

attached to the crista galli

sweeps backward in the superior falx cerebri

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6
Q

What does the superior sagittal sinus end as ?

A

confluence

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7
Q

What are the arachnoid villi ?

A

leak CSF from the subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus

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8
Q

What does the superior sagittal sinus drain into ?

A

confluence

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9
Q

What is the input to the superior sagittal sinus ?

A

from the great cerebral veins

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10
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into ?

A

confluence

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11
Q

Where is the straight sinus located ?

A

where the falx cerebri meets the midline of the tentorim cerebelli

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12
Q

Where is the transverse sinus ?

A

in teh fixe base of the tenetorum cereblli

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13
Q

What does the transverse sinus turn into ?

A

sigmoid sinus

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14
Q

What does the transverse sinus drain ?

A

confluence

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15
Q

What does the transverse sinus drain into ?

A

sigmoid sinus

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16
Q

What is the confluence the meeting point of ?

A

straight
superior sagittal
occipital

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17
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus receive blood from ?

A

transverse

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18
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus join to ?

A

inferior petrosal to form the internal jugular vein

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19
Q

All venous blood in the sigmoid sinus drains into where ?

A

internal jugualr vein

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20
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus receive blood from ?

A

superior and inferior opthalmic veins

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21
Q

What is the cavernous sinus drained by ?

A

inferior petrosal directyl into internal jugualr

superior sagittal- into sigmoid and then internal jugular

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22
Q

What are the branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion ?

A

greater palatine
lesser palatine
nasopalatine

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23
Q

What does the infraorbital nerve innervate ?

A

lower eyelid

upper lip

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24
Q

Where does the zygomatic nerve exit ?

A

inferior orbital fissure

25
Q

What does the zygomatic nerve carry ?

A

postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion
passes to the lacrimal nerve

26
Q

What is the course of the greater palatine nerve ?

A

descends down the greater palatine canal and emerges onto the hard palate at the greater palatine foramena

27
Q

What is the course of the lesser palatine nerve ?

A

passes down the greater palatine canal and emerges ar the lesser palatine foramen

28
Q

What is the course of the nasopalatine nerve ?

A

enters nasal cavity through sphenopalatine fo

descends to the roof of mouth by the incisive canal

29
Q

What is cleft lip ?

A

opening in the upper lip extends to the nose

30
Q

What is cleft palate ?

A

roof of the mouth contains the opening into the nose

31
Q

What bones form the hard palate ?

A

palatine process of the maxilla

horizontal plate of the palatine bone

32
Q

How is the primary palate formed ?

A

from the intermaxillary segment

33
Q

How is the secondary palate formed ?

A

palatal shelves initially grow downwards
elevate and fuse
fuse with the primary palate

34
Q

Where are the palatal shelves derived from ?

A

maxillary prominences

35
Q

What can be derived from the neural crest mesenchyme ?

A

frontonasal swellings
maxillary prominences
mandibular prominences

36
Q

What do the frontonasal swellings form ?

A

nasal placodes

37
Q

What form around the nasal placodes ?

A

median and lateral nasal swellings

38
Q

How is the upper lip formed ?

A

maxillary prominences fuse with lateral and then medial swellings to form the philtrum

39
Q

How is the philtrum formed ?

A

median nasal swellings fuse

40
Q

Where is the primary palate derived from ?

A

frontonasal prominences

41
Q

Where is the secondary palate derived from ?

A

maxillary prominences

42
Q

What is the frequency of palate problems ?

A

1 in 3000

43
Q

Where is cortisol released from ?

A

Zona fasicualta of adrenal cortex

44
Q

What are the actions of cortisol ?

A

immuno suppressant
muscle break down
gluconeogenesis in liver
lipid breakdown

45
Q

What is the cortisol hierarchy ?

A

CRH- hypothalamus
ACTH- anterior pituitary
cortisol - adrenal cortex

46
Q

What are the stimuli of cortisol ?

A

stress
anxiety
diurnal rhythm

47
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on glucagon ?

A

cortisol has a permissive effect on glucagon

cortisol needs to be present to ensure that glucagon can full respond to hypoglycaemia

48
Q

What are the symptoms of cushings syndrome ?

A 
hypercortisolism 
fat redistribution 
immune system repressed
muscle thinning 
hyperglycaemia
49
Q

How is tachycardia shown on an ECG ?

A

broad QRS complex

50
Q

What does gastrin do ?

A

allows acid secretion in response to caffeine

51
Q

What do enterochromaffin L cells do ?

A

gastric acid secreions from parietal cells and histamine

52
Q

What does secretin do ?

A

reduce gastric acid secretions
pancreatic bicarbonate
regulate bile production

53
Q

What does CCK do ?

A

inhibits gastric emptying

regulate bile

54
Q

What does GIP do ?

A

stop secretions

reduce motility

55
Q

What is the structure of urea ?

A

carboxyl

2 x Nh2

56
Q

What are the amino acids involved in the urea cycle ?

A 
citrulline 
arginosuccinate
aspartate enters
arginine
fumarate comes off
57
Q

Source of asparate ?

A

fumarate
malate
oxalolacetate to asparate via glutamate

58
Q

What increases activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthase ?

A

increased deamination of amino acids

increased activity of CPS via an allosteric activator

59
Q

Which amino acids are histones made of ?

A

arginine and lysine

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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