SBA

Question 1

What is the enzyme deficient in fructosuria ?

Answer 1

hepatic fructokinase

Question 2

What is the action of hepatic fructokinase ?

Answer 2

fructose to fructose 1 phosphate

Question 3

What is the enzyme missing in hereditary fructose intolerance ?

Answer 3

fructose 1 phosphate aldolase

Question 4

What is the problem in HFI ?

Answer 4

inorganic phosphate trapped as fructose 1 phospahte
needed to phosphorylate glycogen phosphorylase and fructose 1 6 BPase in gluconoeogenesis
asa result- fructose uptake leads to hypoglycaemia

Question 5

Where is the superior sagittal sinus ?

Answer 5

attached to the crista galli

sweeps backward in the superior falx cerebri

Question 6

What does the superior sagittal sinus end as ?

Answer 6

confluence

Question 7

What are the arachnoid villi ?

Answer 7

leak CSF from the subarachnoid space into superior sagittal sinus

Question 8

What does the superior sagittal sinus drain into ?

Answer 8

confluence

Question 9

What is the input to the superior sagittal sinus ?

Answer 9

from the great cerebral veins

Question 10

What does the inferior sagittal sinus drain into ?

Answer 10

confluence

Question 11

Where is the straight sinus located ?

Answer 11

where the falx cerebri meets the midline of the tentorim cerebelli

Question 12

Where is the transverse sinus ?

Answer 12

in teh fixe base of the tenetorum cereblli

Question 13

What does the transverse sinus turn into ?

Answer 13

sigmoid sinus

Question 14

What does the transverse sinus drain ?

Answer 14

confluence

Question 15

What does the transverse sinus drain into ?

Answer 15

sigmoid sinus

Question 16

What is the confluence the meeting point of ?

Answer 16

straight
superior sagittal
occipital

Question 17

What does the sigmoid sinus receive blood from ?

Answer 17

transverse

Question 18

What does the sigmoid sinus join to ?

Answer 18

inferior petrosal to form the internal jugular vein

Question 19

All venous blood in the sigmoid sinus drains into where ?

Answer 19

internal jugualr vein

Question 20

Where does the cavernous sinus receive blood from ?

Answer 20

superior and inferior opthalmic veins

Question 21

What is the cavernous sinus drained by ?

Answer 21

inferior petrosal directyl into internal jugualr

superior sagittal- into sigmoid and then internal jugular

Question 22

What are the branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion ?

Answer 22

greater palatine
lesser palatine
nasopalatine

Question 23

What does the infraorbital nerve innervate ?

Answer 23

lower eyelid

upper lip

Question 24

Where does the zygomatic nerve exit ?

Answer 24

inferior orbital fissure

Question 25

What does the zygomatic nerve carry ?

Answer 25

postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion passes to the lacrimal nerve

Question 26

What is the course of the greater palatine nerve ?

Answer 26

descends down the greater palatine canal and emerges onto the hard palate at the greater palatine foramena

Question 27

What is the course of the lesser palatine nerve ?

Answer 27

passes down the greater palatine canal and emerges ar the lesser palatine foramen

Question 28

What is the course of the nasopalatine nerve ?

Answer 28

enters nasal cavity through sphenopalatine fo | descends to the roof of mouth by the incisive canal

Question 29

What is cleft lip ?

Answer 29

opening in the upper lip extends to the nose

Question 30

What is cleft palate ?

Answer 30

roof of the mouth contains the opening into the nose

Question 31

What bones form the hard palate ?

Answer 31

palatine process of the maxilla | horizontal plate of the palatine bone

Question 32

How is the primary palate formed ?

Answer 32

from the intermaxillary segment

Question 33

How is the secondary palate formed ?

Answer 33

palatal shelves initially grow downwards elevate and fuse fuse with the primary palate

Question 34

Where are the palatal shelves derived from ?

Answer 34

maxillary prominences

Question 35

What can be derived from the neural crest mesenchyme ?

Answer 35

frontonasal swellings maxillary prominences mandibular prominences

Question 36

What do the frontonasal swellings form ?

Answer 36

nasal placodes

Question 37

What form around the nasal placodes ?

Answer 37

median and lateral nasal swellings

Question 38

How is the upper lip formed ?

Answer 38

maxillary prominences fuse with lateral and then medial swellings to form the philtrum

Question 39

How is the philtrum formed ?

Answer 39

median nasal swellings fuse

Question 40

Where is the primary palate derived from ?

Answer 40

frontonasal prominences

Question 41

Where is the secondary palate derived from ?

Answer 41

maxillary prominences

Question 42

What is the frequency of palate problems ?

Answer 42

1 in 3000

Question 43

Where is cortisol released from ?

Answer 43

Zona fasicualta of adrenal cortex

Question 44

What are the actions of cortisol ?

Answer 44

immuno suppressant muscle break down gluconeogenesis in liver lipid breakdown

Question 45

What is the cortisol hierarchy ?

Answer 45

CRH- hypothalamus ACTH- anterior pituitary cortisol - adrenal cortex

Question 46

What are the stimuli of cortisol ?

Answer 46

stress anxiety diurnal rhythm

Question 47

What is the effect of cortisol on glucagon ?

Answer 47

cortisol has a permissive effect on glucagon | cortisol needs to be present to ensure that glucagon can full respond to hypoglycaemia

Question 48

What are the symptoms of cushings syndrome ?

Answer 48

``` hypercortisolism fat redistribution immune system repressed muscle thinning hyperglycaemia ```

Question 49

How is tachycardia shown on an ECG ?

Answer 49

broad QRS complex

Question 50

What does gastrin do ?

Answer 50

allows acid secretion in response to caffeine

Question 51

What do enterochromaffin L cells do ?

Answer 51

gastric acid secreions from parietal cells and histamine

Question 52

What does secretin do ?

Answer 52

reduce gastric acid secretions pancreatic bicarbonate regulate bile production

Question 53

What does CCK do ?

Answer 53

inhibits gastric emptying | regulate bile

Question 54

What does GIP do ?

Answer 54

stop secretions | reduce motility

Question 55

What is the structure of urea ?

Answer 55

carboxyl | 2 x Nh2

Question 56

What are the amino acids involved in the urea cycle ?

Answer 56

``` citrulline arginosuccinate aspartate enters arginine fumarate comes off ```

Question 57

Source of asparate ?

Answer 57

fumarate malate oxalolacetate to asparate via glutamate

Question 58

What increases activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthase ?

Answer 58

increased deamination of amino acids | increased activity of CPS via an allosteric activator

Question 59

Which amino acids are histones made of ?

Answer 59

arginine and lysine