New GI Flashcards
What is the lamina propia
sublayer - predominantly has secretory glands
What is serosa ?
loose connective tissue
Which salivary gland has the fastest flow rate?
submandibular
Which salivary gland has the slowest flow rate ?
sublingual
Which major salivary gland generates alpha amylase ?
parotid
Which duct modifies saliva ?
striated
Which inorganic component of saliva increases most st stimulation ?
sodium
How does stimulation of saliva secretion change pH ?
pH increases
Which condition has the fastest saliva flow rate ?
mechanical gustatory stimulation - sugar free
Which hormone stimulates the release of gastric acid ?
gastrin
Which hormone decreases gastric secretions ?
secretin
What are the major components of chylomicrons ?
triglyceride
cholesterol
apoproteins
What is the function of kupffer cells ?
phagocytosis
What structure do chylomicrons travel in to enter the CVS ?
thoracic duct
What regulates GI secretions ?
brain and the ENS
What are long cephalic reflexes ?
involve CNS - vagus
emotional reflexes
What are short reflexes ?
Mediated through the ENS-regulation and motility of enzymes and hormones
What regualtes secretion and motlity in the GI tract ?
short reflexes
What enters the hepatic vein ?
urobilogen
What are the cell to cell junctions in the apical membrane ?
tight junctions
proteins- claudin and occludin
Z0-1 nad Z0-2 lik to underlying actin
What are the cell-cell junctions in the basolateral membrane ?
adherens junctions
E-cadherin
alpha and beta catenin link to actin
How are glucose and galactose taken up
actively
SGLT-1
electrochemical gradient created by Na/K ATPase in thr basoalateral membrane
How do glucose and galactose leave the cell ?
glucose transporter protein 2
What type of transport is glucose and galactose into the cell ?
secondary active transport
mediated by glucose/amino acids - symport
How does fructose enter and leave the cell ?
enters the cell using facilitated transport- GLUT5 and leaves using GLUT2- facilitated diffusion diffsuion
What is the role of R protein binding to B12 ?
protects from gastric acid.
What carrier does B12 bind to ?
Transcoalamine II
What type of transporter is GLUT5 for fructose ?
uniporter
Which salivary gland produces the most saliva ?
submandibular
65-70%
What do sublingual glands secrete ?
mucin
What are the steps of saliva secretion ?
- Secretion of a primary isotonic fluid rich NaCl
- Reabsorption of NaCl
Secretion of K and Hco3 - pH increases - hypotonic
How is saliva secretion stimulated /
parsympathetic secretion
Acetylcholine binds to muscarninc recpetors
What does saliva stimulation from chewing gum help to do ?
neutralise plaque acids
What are factors affecting plaque acids ?
fermentable carbohydrates
Glucans
Fructans
What are glucans ?
increase plaque adhesion
What are fructans ?
acid metabolites
What happens between mineralisation and dimineralisation ?
there is a dynamic equilibrium
What happens at a neutral pH ?
remineralisation
What happens at pH<5.5 ?
calcium and phosphate withdrawn from enamel
demineralisation
What happens at pH>6.5 ?
Calcium and Phosphate migrate to enamel
remineralisation
What are recommendations based on the findings ?
chew sugar free gum for 20 mins after taking acid or sugars
Have regualr saliva stimulation between melas
chew sugar free gum to increase saliva
What are are the benefits of chewing sugar free gum ?
Provide mouth clearance Prevent plaque accumulation increase saliva buffer capacity increase plaque pH Reduce caries and erosion
What are the functions of saliva ?
digestion
buffering
mineralisation
lubrication
There was no significant difference between ?
mechanical gustatory stimulation
mechanical gustatory sugar stimulation
What are the main inorganic components of saliva ?
sodium potassium calcium chloride bicarbonate fluoride
What are the functions of the inorganic components of saliva ?
hypertonic saliva
What are the organic components of saliva ?
proteins
digestive enzymes
mucins
antibodies
Which type of stimulation had the highest flow rate ?
mechanically-gustatory- sugar free
Define pneumothorax ?
Air enters the space between the lung and the chest wall and this leads to a collapsed lung
What is the blood supply to the lungs ?
Bronchial arteries
What are the attachments fof the diaphragm ?
Sternal- Xiphoid process
Costally- ribs 7-12
Vertebral- Right and left crue and the median and laterla lumbostal arches
Examples of retroperitoneal organs ?
kidney
pancreas
Examples of intraperitoneal organs ?
stomach
spleen
liver
