New GI

Question 1

What is the lamina propia

Answer 1

sublayer - predominantly has secretory glands

Question 2

What is serosa ?

Answer 2

loose connective tissue

Question 3

Which salivary gland has the fastest flow rate?

Answer 3

submandibular

Question 4

Which salivary gland has the slowest flow rate ?

Answer 4

sublingual

Question 5

Which major salivary gland generates alpha amylase ?

Answer 5

parotid

Question 6

Which duct modifies saliva ?

Answer 6

striated

Question 7

Which inorganic component of saliva increases most st stimulation ?

Answer 7

sodium

Question 8

How does stimulation of saliva secretion change pH ?

Answer 8

pH increases

Question 9

Which condition has the fastest saliva flow rate ?

Answer 9

mechanical gustatory stimulation - sugar free

Question 10

Which hormone stimulates the release of gastric acid ?

Answer 10

gastrin

Question 11

Which hormone decreases gastric secretions ?

Answer 11

secretin

Question 12

What are the major components of chylomicrons ?

Answer 12

triglyceride
cholesterol
apoproteins

Question 13

What is the function of kupffer cells ?

Answer 13

phagocytosis

Question 14

What structure do chylomicrons travel in to enter the CVS ?

Answer 14

thoracic duct

Question 15

What regulates GI secretions ?

Answer 15

brain and the ENS

Question 16

What are long cephalic reflexes ?

Answer 16

involve CNS - vagus

emotional reflexes

Question 17

What are short reflexes ?

Answer 17

Mediated through the ENS-regulation and motility of enzymes and hormones

Question 18

What regualtes secretion and motlity in the GI tract ?

Answer 18

short reflexes

Question 19

What enters the hepatic vein ?

Answer 19

urobilogen

Question 20

What are the cell to cell junctions in the apical membrane ?

Answer 20

tight junctions
proteins- claudin and occludin
Z0-1 nad Z0-2 lik to underlying actin

Question 21

What are the cell-cell junctions in the basolateral membrane ?

Answer 21

adherens junctions
E-cadherin
alpha and beta catenin link to actin

Question 22

How are glucose and galactose taken up

Answer 22

actively
SGLT-1
electrochemical gradient created by Na/K ATPase in thr basoalateral membrane

Question 23

How do glucose and galactose leave the cell ?

Answer 23

glucose transporter protein 2

Question 24

What type of transport is glucose and galactose into the cell ?

Answer 24

secondary active transport

mediated by glucose/amino acids - symport

Question 25

How does fructose enter and leave the cell ?

Answer 25

enters the cell using facilitated transport- GLUT5 and leaves using GLUT2- facilitated diffusion diffsuion

Question 26

What is the role of R protein binding to B12 ?

Answer 26

protects from gastric acid.

Question 27

What carrier does B12 bind to ?

Answer 27

Transcoalamine II

Question 28

What type of transporter is GLUT5 for fructose ?

Answer 28

uniporter

Question 29

Which salivary gland produces the most saliva ?

Answer 29

submandibular | 65-70%

Question 30

What do sublingual glands secrete ?

Answer 30

mucin

Question 31

What are the steps of saliva secretion ?

Answer 31

1. Secretion of a primary isotonic fluid rich NaCl 2. Reabsorption of NaCl Secretion of K and Hco3 - pH increases - hypotonic

Question 32

How is saliva secretion stimulated /

Answer 32

parsympathetic secretion | Acetylcholine binds to muscarninc recpetors

Question 33

What does saliva stimulation from chewing gum help to do ?

Answer 33

neutralise plaque acids

Question 34

What are factors affecting plaque acids ?

Answer 34

fermentable carbohydrates Glucans Fructans

Question 35

What are glucans ?

Answer 35

increase plaque adhesion

Question 36

What are fructans ?

Answer 36

acid metabolites

Question 37

What happens between mineralisation and dimineralisation ?

Answer 37

there is a dynamic equilibrium

Question 38

What happens at a neutral pH ?

Answer 38

remineralisation

Question 39

What happens at pH<5.5 ?

Answer 39

calcium and phosphate withdrawn from enamel | demineralisation

Question 40

What happens at pH>6.5 ?

Answer 40

Calcium and Phosphate migrate to enamel | remineralisation

Question 41

What are recommendations based on the findings ?

Answer 41

chew sugar free gum for 20 mins after taking acid or sugars Have regualr saliva stimulation between melas chew sugar free gum to increase saliva

Question 42

What are are the benefits of chewing sugar free gum ?

Answer 42

``` Provide mouth clearance Prevent plaque accumulation increase saliva buffer capacity increase plaque pH Reduce caries and erosion ```

Question 43

What are the functions of saliva ?

Answer 43

digestion buffering mineralisation lubrication

Question 44

There was no significant difference between ?

Answer 44

mechanical gustatory stimulation | mechanical gustatory sugar stimulation

Question 45

What are the main inorganic components of saliva ?

Answer 45

``` sodium potassium calcium chloride bicarbonate fluoride ```

Question 46

What are the functions of the inorganic components of saliva ?

Answer 46

hypertonic saliva

Question 47

What are the organic components of saliva ?

Answer 47

proteins digestive enzymes mucins antibodies

Question 48

Which type of stimulation had the highest flow rate ?

Answer 48

mechanically-gustatory- sugar free

Question 49

Define pneumothorax ?

Answer 49

Air enters the space between the lung and the chest wall and this leads to a collapsed lung

Question 50

What is the blood supply to the lungs ?

Answer 50

Bronchial arteries

Question 51

What are the attachments fof the diaphragm ?

Answer 51

Sternal- Xiphoid process Costally- ribs 7-12 Vertebral- Right and left crue and the median and laterla lumbostal arches

Question 52

Examples of retroperitoneal organs ?

Answer 52

kidney | pancreas

Question 53

Examples of intraperitoneal organs ?

Answer 53

stomach spleen liver