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BDS Stage 1 > New GI > Flashcards

New GI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lamina propia

A

sublayer - predominantly has secretory glands

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2
Q

What is serosa ?

A

loose connective tissue

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3
Q

Which salivary gland has the fastest flow rate?

A

submandibular

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4
Q

Which salivary gland has the slowest flow rate ?

A

sublingual

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5
Q

Which major salivary gland generates alpha amylase ?

A

parotid

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6
Q

Which duct modifies saliva ?

A

striated

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7
Q

Which inorganic component of saliva increases most st stimulation ?

A

sodium

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8
Q

How does stimulation of saliva secretion change pH ?

A

pH increases

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9
Q

Which condition has the fastest saliva flow rate ?

A

mechanical gustatory stimulation - sugar free

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10
Q

Which hormone stimulates the release of gastric acid ?

A

gastrin

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11
Q

Which hormone decreases gastric secretions ?

A

secretin

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12
Q

What are the major components of chylomicrons ?

A

triglyceride
cholesterol
apoproteins

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13
Q

What is the function of kupffer cells ?

A

phagocytosis

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14
Q

What structure do chylomicrons travel in to enter the CVS ?

A

thoracic duct

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15
Q

What regulates GI secretions ?

A

brain and the ENS

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16
Q

What are long cephalic reflexes ?

A

involve CNS - vagus

emotional reflexes

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17
Q

What are short reflexes ?

A

Mediated through the ENS-regulation and motility of enzymes and hormones

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18
Q

What regualtes secretion and motlity in the GI tract ?

A

short reflexes

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19
Q

What enters the hepatic vein ?

A

urobilogen

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20
Q

What are the cell to cell junctions in the apical membrane ?

A

tight junctions
proteins- claudin and occludin
Z0-1 nad Z0-2 lik to underlying actin

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21
Q

What are the cell-cell junctions in the basolateral membrane ?

A

adherens junctions
E-cadherin
alpha and beta catenin link to actin

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22
Q

How are glucose and galactose taken up

A

actively
SGLT-1
electrochemical gradient created by Na/K ATPase in thr basoalateral membrane

23
Q

How do glucose and galactose leave the cell ?

A

glucose transporter protein 2

24
Q

What type of transport is glucose and galactose into the cell ?

A

secondary active transport

mediated by glucose/amino acids - symport

25
Q

How does fructose enter and leave the cell ?

A

enters the cell using facilitated transport- GLUT5 and leaves using GLUT2- facilitated diffusion diffsuion

26
Q

What is the role of R protein binding to B12 ?

A

protects from gastric acid.

27
Q

What carrier does B12 bind to ?

A

Transcoalamine II

28
Q

What type of transporter is GLUT5 for fructose ?

29
Q

Which salivary gland produces the most saliva ?

A

submandibular

65-70%

30
Q

What do sublingual glands secrete ?

31
Q

What are the steps of saliva secretion ?

A
  1. Secretion of a primary isotonic fluid rich NaCl
  2. Reabsorption of NaCl
    Secretion of K and Hco3 - pH increases - hypotonic
32
Q

How is saliva secretion stimulated /

A

parsympathetic secretion

Acetylcholine binds to muscarninc recpetors

33
Q

What does saliva stimulation from chewing gum help to do ?

A

neutralise plaque acids

34
Q

What are factors affecting plaque acids ?

A

fermentable carbohydrates
Glucans
Fructans

35
Q

What are glucans ?

A

increase plaque adhesion

36
Q

What are fructans ?

A

acid metabolites

37
Q

What happens between mineralisation and dimineralisation ?

A

there is a dynamic equilibrium

38
Q

What happens at a neutral pH ?

A

remineralisation

39
Q

What happens at pH<5.5 ?

A

calcium and phosphate withdrawn from enamel

demineralisation

40
Q

What happens at pH>6.5 ?

A

Calcium and Phosphate migrate to enamel

remineralisation

41
Q

What are recommendations based on the findings ?

A

chew sugar free gum for 20 mins after taking acid or sugars
Have regualr saliva stimulation between melas
chew sugar free gum to increase saliva

42
Q

What are are the benefits of chewing sugar free gum ?

A 
Provide mouth clearance 
Prevent plaque accumulation
increase saliva buffer capacity
increase plaque pH 
Reduce caries and erosion
43
Q

What are the functions of saliva ?

A

digestion
buffering
mineralisation
lubrication

44
Q

There was no significant difference between ?

A

mechanical gustatory stimulation

mechanical gustatory sugar stimulation

45
Q

What are the main inorganic components of saliva ?

A 
sodium 
potassium 
calcium 
chloride 
bicarbonate 
fluoride
46
Q

What are the functions of the inorganic components of saliva ?

A

hypertonic saliva

47
Q

What are the organic components of saliva ?

A

proteins
digestive enzymes
mucins
antibodies

48
Q

Which type of stimulation had the highest flow rate ?

A

mechanically-gustatory- sugar free

49
Q

Define pneumothorax ?

A

Air enters the space between the lung and the chest wall and this leads to a collapsed lung

50
Q

What is the blood supply to the lungs ?

A

Bronchial arteries

51
Q

What are the attachments fof the diaphragm ?

A

Sternal- Xiphoid process
Costally- ribs 7-12
Vertebral- Right and left crue and the median and laterla lumbostal arches

52
Q

Examples of retroperitoneal organs ?

A

kidney

pancreas

53
Q

Examples of intraperitoneal organs ?

A

stomach
spleen
liver

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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