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Anatomy theme 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is fascia ?

A

an internal connective tissue that forms sheets , surrounds and supports muscles , vessels and nerves.

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2
Q

What are the functions of fascia ?

A

maintenance of shape of muscles - sternocleidomastoid
Compartmentalise and isolate structures of the neck
Separation of movements - prevertebral fascia allows separation of contraction and swallowing
Pathways for neurovascular bundles
retention bands

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3
Q

Where does superficial cervical fascia lie and what does it do ?

A

between the dermis and the deep cervical fascia

provides neurovascular supply to the skin

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4
Q

What is the function of deep cervical fascia ?

A

forms a connective tissue sheath - carotid sheath
separate muscle groups based on their function
acts as an extension to bone - increase surface area for attachment

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5
Q

What is the investing layer of deep cervical fascia ?

A

most superficial of the deep cervical fascia

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6
Q

What does the investing layer of deep cervical fascia do ?

A

surrounds all the structures in the neck

splits into 2 to surround the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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7
Q

What does the pretracheal fascia do ?

A

most anterior

encloses the thyroid gland , oesophagus and trachea

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8
Q

What does the prevertebral fascia do?

A

encloses the vertebra and all the muscles of the floor of the post triangle of the neck

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9
Q

What is the clinical relevance of fascia ?

A

the neck fascia compartmentalises structures in the neck - limit spread of infection
spaces between the layers of fascia - allow infection to develop

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10
Q

What is the structure of bone ?

A

thick and compact bone surrounds a meshwork of cancellous bone made of individual trabeculae

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11
Q

What is the ECM of the bone reinforced with ?

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

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12
Q

What are the functions of bone ?

A

act as levers
protection of internal organs
calcium and phosphorus store

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13
Q

What is the axial skeleton ?

A

skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

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14
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton ?

A

upper and lower limbs

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15
Q

What is the function of a ligament ?

A

it prevents excess movement at a joint - keeping hte joint and bones stable

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16
Q

What is meant by taught at max stability ?

A

there are one set of ligaments open when the joint is open

another set of ligaments closed when the joint is closed

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17
Q

What is a joint ?

A

union between 2 or more bones

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18
Q

What are synovial joints ?

A

freely movable

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19
Q

What do synovial joints consist of ?

A

synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid that is retained by the capsule
capsule thickened to form intrinsic ligaments

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20
Q

What are immovable joints and why are they immovable ?

A

sutures (eg the coronal suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bones)
synchondroses
Gomphoses
they are immovable because they have a solid plate of cartilage between them

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21
Q

What is a gomphosis ?

A

peg and socket
eg. between the roots of the maxillary and mandibular teeth and the alveolar processes - this is kept in place by the periodontal ligament

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22
Q

What are partially movable joints ?

A

syndesmosis and symphysis

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23
Q

What does a symphysis consist of ?

A

opposing bony surfaces covered in cartilage

separated by intervening fibrous tissue - annulus fibrosis

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24
Q

What does skeletal muscle consist of ?

A

a fleshy and a tendinous portion

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25
What does the fleshy portion of skeletal muscle consist of ?
muscle fibres | elongated muscle cells - multinucleated , have a sarcoplasm and a sarcolemma
26
What does the endomysium surround ?
a single muscle cell
27
What does the perimysium surround ?
several fibres
28
What does the epimysium surround ?
surrounds fibres overall - the sheets allow for nerves and blood vessels to run
29
What does the tendinous portion consist of ?
extensions of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone
30
What is the proximal end of a muscle called ?
the origin - this is the fixed attachment
31
What is the distal end of the muscle called ?
the insertion
32
What happens to the origin and insertion during movement ?
the insertion moves towards the origin | the origin and the insertion are interchangable
33
How are the muscle fibres arranged in a strap muscle ?
muscle fibres arranged in parallel
34
How are the muscle fibres arranged in a fusiform muscle ?
large number of fibres that converge on a tendon (like the typical muscle)
35
What is the structure of a digastric muscle ?
two fleshy bellies joined by a tendon
36
How are the fibres arranged in a bipennate muscle ?
the fibres insert into the tendons in a leaf shape | even though the fibres are shorter this arrangement allows for powerful contractions.
37
What are isotonic contractions ?
they allow for actual movement around the joint
38
What are isometric contractions ?
contraction that provides no movement - eg. tensing
39
What is the agonist/prime mover ?
muscle producing the intended course of action
40
What does the antagonist so ?
any muscle that would oppose the intended course of action
41
When do muscles act as fixators ?
when both muscles are acting no movement around the joint the joint is stabilised
42
What do synergists do ?
the agonist usually produces unwanted movement due to joint complexity this movement is opposed by the action of synergists
43
What is smooth muscle ?
found in viscera lacks striations usually under autonomic control
44
What is cardiac muscle ?
in the heart only has striations cant be tetanised under autonomic control
45
What is the exception in the bladder ?
the bladder is composed of smooth muscle but is under voluntary control
46
What types of contraction do skeletal muscle provide ?
powerful rapid fatigued easily
47
What types of contraction does smooth muscle provide ?
slow not easily fatigued sustained
48
How does the liver have a double blood supply ?
digested products for metabolism are brought by the portal vein - from the GI tract the hepatic artery provides oxygenated blood
49
What are the 2 pumps of the heart ?
systemic | pulmonary
50
How does the heart ensure that the outputs on both sides are matched ?
if the left side pumps more this will enter on the right side and therefore the right side will contract more- outputs are matched
51
What connects an atrium to a ventricle ?
the atrioventricular orifice | guarded by the atrioventricular valve
52
What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel ?
endothelial layer the smooth muscle layer the elastic layer
53
What are muscular arterioles ?
resistance vessels end in precapillary sphincters resistance to the systemic blood flow
54
What do capillary walls consist of ?
layer of endothelial cells
55
What do capillary fenestrations so ?
they provide large windows for large molecules to pass
56
What are sinusoids ?
capillaries that have large holes in their walls | blood slows down - maximum exchange
57
What are veins surrounded with ?
connective tissue that they expand into
58
What is venous return aided by ?
action of muscular pumps - these pumps act around veins exclusively - the arteries are independent of the veins
59
What are anastomoses ?
Several branches of arteries that join and communicate - allowing uninterrupted flow of blood to tissues they supply
60
What are arteriovenous anastomoses ?
communications between the veins and arteries | shunt large volumes of blood through a tissue whilst bypassing the tissue bed
61
What do anastomoses provide ?
alternative channels when one is blocked
62
What is alternative flow called ?
collateral circulation
63
What happens if arteries dont anastomose ?
no collateral circulation supplied areas can die eg the central artery of the retina
64
Why is there a net outlflow of fluid at the capillaries ?
blood passes through the capillaries at a high hydrostatic pressure plasma proteins create a constant oncotic pressure water is forced back into the capillaries hydrostatic > oncotic - net outflow
65
What is the contents of lymph ?
B and T lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow | travel in blood circulation to lymphoid tissues
66
What are lumph capillaries ?
they are blind ended vessles that follow alongisde capillaries
67
What are lymph nodes ?
flattened enlarge filters - filter foreign material out of the lymph
68
What do lymph capillaries and nodes drain into ?
larger trunks
69
What does the thoracic duct drain ?
lower limbs abdomen chest wall
70
What does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain ?
the viscera of the thorax
71
What do the subclavian trunks drain ?
upper limbs
72
What do the jugular trunks drain ?
the head and the neck
73
What are the mechanisms of lymph flow ?
passage is aided from the positive pressure of the abdominal cavity to the negative pressue of the thoracic cavity smooth muscle in the walls that contract valves neighbouring skeletal muscle massages the lymoh vessels
74
What are the fucntions of the lymphatic system ?
allow lymoh fluid to reenter the venous system manufacture of antobodies antigens can be taken to lymph nodes
75
What are the sites of lymphoid tissue
``` mucosal associated lymphoid tissue tonsillar tissue spleen thymus gland lymphoid tissue of the gut small follicles are found within these structures ```
76
What is the clinical importance of the lymphatic system ?
patterns of lymphatic drainage - usually the patterns of infection spread as antigens travel down these routes Primary cancer can metastasise down these lyphatic routes - eg breast cancer can metastasise to the axillary nodes
77
What is a consequence of disrupting lymphatic drainage ?
lymphodema
78
What are the functions of the nervous system ?
receive sensory info from outside/inside the body Initiate and regulate behaviour in response to these stimuli Homeostasis
79
What is the CNS ?
brain and the spinal cord in the vertebral canal
80
What are the components of the CNS ?
motor component sensory component Association component
81
What is the PNS ?
31 spinal nerves 12 cranial nerves Ganglions
82
What are ganglions ?
collections of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
83
What is the function of the PNS ?
connects peripheral organs to the CNS
84
What is grey matter and where is it found ?
lacks myelin collections of cell bodies , dendrites , glia and synapses central part of the spinal cord
85
What is white matter ?
bundles of myelinated axons and glia within the CNS | connects areas of grey matter
86
What are afferent axons ?
carry impulses to the CNS - in the PNS they are sensory
87
What are efferent axons ?
Carry impulses away from the CNS to muscle and glands | In the PNS they are motor
88
What is the somatic nervous system ?
controls the bodys voluntary processes (skeletal muscle , bones and joints)
89
What is the autonomic nervous system ?
controls the bodys involuntary processes - smooth and cardiac muscle (glands and viscera)
90
What is the structure of a spinal nerve
Central H shaped mass of grey matter - cell body accumulations Surrounded by white matter of myelinated axons
91
How do sensory process enter the CNS ?
as dorsal roots
92
How do sensory process leave the CNS ?
ventral roots
93
What is the swelling on the dorsal root
dorsal root ganglion swelling of cell bodies sensory neuronal cell bodies grouped together
94
What do the dorsal root and ventral root unite to form ?
mixed spinal nerve
95
What does the mixed spinal nerve divide into ?
the anterior primary ramus | the posterior primary ramus
96
Where is grey matter found ?
in the central part of the spinal chord
97
What is the function of white matter ?
to connect areas of grey matter
98
What are the 12 cranial nerves ?
``` olfactory optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal spinal accessory hypoglossal ```
99
How many cervical vertebrae are there ?
7
100
How many thoracic vertebrae are there ?
12
101
How many lumbar vertebrae are there ?
5
102
How many sacral vertebrae are there ?
5
103
How many coccygeal vertebrae are there ?
4
104
How is each spinal nerve lettered and numbered ?
according to the vertebra above
105
How are the cervical nerves lettered and numbered ?
according to the vertebra below
106
Are spinal nerves mixed ?
yes- they contain sensory and motor processes
107
What is the ANS concerned with ?
control and maintenance of the internal environment
108
What does the ANS consist of ?
efferent pathways to muscles and glands
109
How are organs innervated by the ANS ?
dual innervation - organs are both innervated by the PNS/SNS
110
How is the parasympathetic nervous system connected to the CNS ?
via craniosacral outflow - cranial and sacral spinal nerves
111
How is the sympathetic nervous system connected to the CNS ?
thoracolumbar outflow | T1- L1/L2
112
How many efferent axons does it take to carry information from the CNS to the target via the ANS ?
2 efferent axons | these synapse at an intermediate autonomic ganlion
113
What is the relationship between preganglionic and postganglionic axons in the parasympathetic nervous system ?
the preganglionic axons are long the postganglionic axons are short the ganglia are in the wall of the target
114
What is the relationship between the preganglionic and postganglionic axons in the the sympathetic nervous system ?
the preganglionic axons are short the postgangliomic axons are long the ganglia are in the sympathetic chain
115
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system ?
``` rest and digest increases gut motility decreases heart rate increase saliva dilate the cutaneous vessels ```
116
What are the parasympathetic ganglia ?
``` ciliary otic pterygopalatine sub mandibular intra mural ```
117
What are the sumpathetic ganglia ?
sympathetic chain superior cervical - head and neck supply coeliac superior mesenteric
118
What does the skull consist of ?
cranium and the mandible
119
What can the cranium be split into ?
``` neurocranium = braincase viscerocranium = facial skeleton ```
120
What can the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) be split into ?
the facial skeleton | mandible
121
What does the coronal suture separate ?
the frontal and the parietal bones
122
What does the sagittal suture separate ?
separates the parietal bones
123
What is bregma ?
the point where the sagittal and coronal sutures meet
124
What is the mastoid process an extension of ?
temporal bone
125
What does the lamboidal suture separate ?
the occipital and parietla bones
126
What is lambda ?
the point where the sagittal and lamboidal sutures meet
127
What is the superior nuchal line ?
it radiates laterally from the external occipital protuberance
128
What is pterion ?
the H shaped junction between the frontal bone squamous of the temporal bone greater wing of sphenoid Parietal bone
129
in which bone is the external auditory meatus ?
the temporal bone
130
Where does the mental foramen open ?
near the second mandibular pre-molar
131
Where is the hypoglossal canal ?
underneath the occipital condyles

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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