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BDS Stage 1 > Anatomy theme 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy theme 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is fascia ?

A

an internal connective tissue that forms sheets , surrounds and supports muscles , vessels and nerves.

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2
Q

What are the functions of fascia ?

A

maintenance of shape of muscles - sternocleidomastoid
Compartmentalise and isolate structures of the neck
Separation of movements - prevertebral fascia allows separation of contraction and swallowing
Pathways for neurovascular bundles
retention bands

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3
Q

Where does superficial cervical fascia lie and what does it do ?

A

between the dermis and the deep cervical fascia

provides neurovascular supply to the skin

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4
Q

What is the function of deep cervical fascia ?

A

forms a connective tissue sheath - carotid sheath
separate muscle groups based on their function
acts as an extension to bone - increase surface area for attachment

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5
Q

What is the investing layer of deep cervical fascia ?

A

most superficial of the deep cervical fascia

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6
Q

What does the investing layer of deep cervical fascia do ?

A

surrounds all the structures in the neck

splits into 2 to surround the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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7
Q

What does the pretracheal fascia do ?

A

most anterior

encloses the thyroid gland , oesophagus and trachea

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8
Q

What does the prevertebral fascia do?

A

encloses the vertebra and all the muscles of the floor of the post triangle of the neck

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9
Q

What is the clinical relevance of fascia ?

A

the neck fascia compartmentalises structures in the neck - limit spread of infection
spaces between the layers of fascia - allow infection to develop

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10
Q

What is the structure of bone ?

A

thick and compact bone surrounds a meshwork of cancellous bone made of individual trabeculae

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11
Q

What is the ECM of the bone reinforced with ?

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

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12
Q

What are the functions of bone ?

A

act as levers
protection of internal organs
calcium and phosphorus store

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13
Q

What is the axial skeleton ?

A

skull
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

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14
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton ?

A

upper and lower limbs

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15
Q

What is the function of a ligament ?

A

it prevents excess movement at a joint - keeping hte joint and bones stable

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16
Q

What is meant by taught at max stability ?

A

there are one set of ligaments open when the joint is open

another set of ligaments closed when the joint is closed

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17
Q

What is a joint ?

A

union between 2 or more bones

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18
Q

What are synovial joints ?

A

freely movable

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19
Q

What do synovial joints consist of ?

A

synovial cavity filled with synovial fluid that is retained by the capsule
capsule thickened to form intrinsic ligaments

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20
Q

What are immovable joints and why are they immovable ?

A

sutures (eg the coronal suture between the frontal bone and the parietal bones)
synchondroses
Gomphoses
they are immovable because they have a solid plate of cartilage between them

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21
Q

What is a gomphosis ?

A

peg and socket
eg. between the roots of the maxillary and mandibular teeth and the alveolar processes - this is kept in place by the periodontal ligament

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22
Q

What are partially movable joints ?

A

syndesmosis and symphysis

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23
Q

What does a symphysis consist of ?

A

opposing bony surfaces covered in cartilage

separated by intervening fibrous tissue - annulus fibrosis

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24
Q

What does skeletal muscle consist of ?

A

a fleshy and a tendinous portion

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25
Q

What does the fleshy portion of skeletal muscle consist of ?

A

muscle fibres

elongated muscle cells - multinucleated , have a sarcoplasm and a sarcolemma

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26
Q

What does the endomysium surround ?

A

a single muscle cell

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27
Q

What does the perimysium surround ?

A

several fibres

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28
Q

What does the epimysium surround ?

A

surrounds fibres overall - the sheets allow for nerves and blood vessels to run

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29
Q

What does the tendinous portion consist of ?

A

extensions of fibrous connective tissue that attach muscle to bone

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30
Q

What is the proximal end of a muscle called ?

A

the origin - this is the fixed attachment

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31
Q

What is the distal end of the muscle called ?

A

the insertion

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32
Q

What happens to the origin and insertion during movement ?

A

the insertion moves towards the origin

the origin and the insertion are interchangable

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33
Q

How are the muscle fibres arranged in a strap muscle ?

A

muscle fibres arranged in parallel

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34
Q

How are the muscle fibres arranged in a fusiform muscle ?

A

large number of fibres that converge on a tendon (like the typical muscle)

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35
Q

What is the structure of a digastric muscle ?

A

two fleshy bellies joined by a tendon

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36
Q

How are the fibres arranged in a bipennate muscle ?

A

the fibres insert into the tendons in a leaf shape

even though the fibres are shorter this arrangement allows for powerful contractions.

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37
Q

What are isotonic contractions ?

A

they allow for actual movement around the joint

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38
Q

What are isometric contractions ?

A

contraction that provides no movement - eg. tensing

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39
Q

What is the agonist/prime mover ?

A

muscle producing the intended course of action

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40
Q

What does the antagonist so ?

A

any muscle that would oppose the intended course of action

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41
Q

When do muscles act as fixators ?

A

when both muscles are acting
no movement around the joint
the joint is stabilised

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42
Q

What do synergists do ?

A

the agonist usually produces unwanted movement due to joint complexity this movement is opposed by the action of synergists

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43
Q

What is smooth muscle ?

A

found in viscera
lacks striations
usually under autonomic control

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44
Q

What is cardiac muscle ?

A

in the heart only
has striations
cant be tetanised
under autonomic control

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45
Q

What is the exception in the bladder ?

A

the bladder is composed of smooth muscle but is under voluntary control

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46
Q

What types of contraction do skeletal muscle provide ?

A

powerful
rapid
fatigued easily

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47
Q

What types of contraction does smooth muscle provide ?

A

slow
not easily fatigued
sustained

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48
Q

How does the liver have a double blood supply ?

A

digested products for metabolism are brought by the portal vein - from the GI tract
the hepatic artery provides oxygenated blood

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49
Q

What are the 2 pumps of the heart ?

A

systemic

pulmonary

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50
Q

How does the heart ensure that the outputs on both sides are matched ?

A

if the left side pumps more this will enter on the right side and therefore the right side will contract more- outputs are matched

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51
Q

What connects an atrium to a ventricle ?

A

the atrioventricular orifice

guarded by the atrioventricular valve

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52
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel ?

A

endothelial layer
the smooth muscle layer
the elastic layer

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53
Q

What are muscular arterioles ?

A

resistance vessels
end in precapillary sphincters
resistance to the systemic blood flow

54
Q

What do capillary walls consist of ?

A

layer of endothelial cells

55
Q

What do capillary fenestrations so ?

A

they provide large windows for large molecules to pass

56
Q

What are sinusoids ?

A

capillaries that have large holes in their walls

blood slows down - maximum exchange

57
Q

What are veins surrounded with ?

A

connective tissue that they expand into

58
Q

What is venous return aided by ?

A

action of muscular pumps - these pumps act around veins exclusively - the arteries are independent of the veins

59
Q

What are anastomoses ?

A

Several branches of arteries that join and communicate - allowing uninterrupted flow of blood to tissues they supply

60
Q

What are arteriovenous anastomoses ?

A

communications between the veins and arteries

shunt large volumes of blood through a tissue whilst bypassing the tissue bed

61
Q

What do anastomoses provide ?

A

alternative channels when one is blocked

62
Q

What is alternative flow called ?

A

collateral circulation

63
Q

What happens if arteries dont anastomose ?

A

no collateral circulation
supplied areas can die
eg the central artery of the retina

64
Q

Why is there a net outlflow of fluid at the capillaries ?

A

blood passes through the capillaries at a high hydrostatic pressure
plasma proteins create a constant oncotic pressure
water is forced back into the capillaries
hydrostatic > oncotic - net outflow

65
Q

What is the contents of lymph ?

A

B and T lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow

travel in blood circulation to lymphoid tissues

66
Q

What are lumph capillaries ?

A

they are blind ended vessles that follow alongisde capillaries

67
Q

What are lymph nodes ?

A

flattened enlarge filters - filter foreign material out of the lymph

68
Q

What do lymph capillaries and nodes drain into ?

A

larger trunks

69
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain ?

A

lower limbs
abdomen
chest wall

70
Q

What does the bronchomediastinal trunk drain ?

A

the viscera of the thorax

71
Q

What do the subclavian trunks drain ?

A

upper limbs

72
Q

What do the jugular trunks drain ?

A

the head and the neck

73
Q

What are the mechanisms of lymph flow ?

A

passage is aided from the positive pressure of the abdominal cavity to the negative pressue of the thoracic cavity
smooth muscle in the walls that contract
valves
neighbouring skeletal muscle massages the lymoh vessels

74
Q

What are the fucntions of the lymphatic system ?

A

allow lymoh fluid to reenter the venous system
manufacture of antobodies
antigens can be taken to lymph nodes

75
Q

What are the sites of lymphoid tissue

A 
mucosal associated lymphoid tissue 
tonsillar tissue 
spleen 
thymus gland 
lymphoid tissue of the gut 
small follicles are found within these structures
76
Q

What is the clinical importance of the lymphatic system ?

A

patterns of lymphatic drainage - usually the patterns of infection spread as antigens travel down these routes

Primary cancer can metastasise down these lyphatic routes - eg breast cancer can metastasise to the axillary nodes

77
Q

What is a consequence of disrupting lymphatic drainage ?

A

lymphodema

78
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system ?

A

receive sensory info from outside/inside the body
Initiate and regulate behaviour in response to these stimuli
Homeostasis

79
Q

What is the CNS ?

A

brain and the spinal cord in the vertebral canal

80
Q

What are the components of the CNS ?

A

motor component
sensory component
Association component

81
Q

What is the PNS ?

A

31 spinal nerves
12 cranial nerves
Ganglions

82
Q

What are ganglions ?

A

collections of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

83
Q

What is the function of the PNS ?

A

connects peripheral organs to the CNS

84
Q

What is grey matter and where is it found ?

A

lacks myelin
collections of cell bodies , dendrites , glia and synapses
central part of the spinal cord

85
Q

What is white matter ?

A

bundles of myelinated axons and glia within the CNS

connects areas of grey matter

86
Q

What are afferent axons ?

A

carry impulses to the CNS - in the PNS they are sensory

87
Q

What are efferent axons ?

A

Carry impulses away from the CNS to muscle and glands

In the PNS they are motor

88
Q

What is the somatic nervous system ?

A

controls the bodys voluntary processes (skeletal muscle , bones and joints)

89
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system ?

A

controls the bodys involuntary processes - smooth and cardiac muscle (glands and viscera)

90
Q

What is the structure of a spinal nerve

A

Central H shaped mass of grey matter - cell body accumulations
Surrounded by white matter of myelinated axons

91
Q

How do sensory process enter the CNS ?

A

as dorsal roots

92
Q

How do sensory process leave the CNS ?

A

ventral roots

93
Q

What is the swelling on the dorsal root

A

dorsal root ganglion
swelling of cell bodies
sensory neuronal cell bodies grouped together

94
Q

What do the dorsal root and ventral root unite to form ?

A

mixed spinal nerve

95
Q

What does the mixed spinal nerve divide into ?

A

the anterior primary ramus

the posterior primary ramus

96
Q

Where is grey matter found ?

A

in the central part of the spinal chord

97
Q

What is the function of white matter ?

A

to connect areas of grey matter

98
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves ?

A 
olfactory 
optic 
oculomotor 
trochlear 
trigeminal 
abducens 
facial 
vestibulocochlear 
Glossopharyngeal
spinal accessory 
hypoglossal
99
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there ?

A

7

100
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there ?

A

12

101
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there ?

A

5

102
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are there ?

A

5

103
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there ?

A

4

104
Q

How is each spinal nerve lettered and numbered ?

A

according to the vertebra above

105
Q

How are the cervical nerves lettered and numbered ?

A

according to the vertebra below

106
Q

Are spinal nerves mixed ?

A

yes- they contain sensory and motor processes

107
Q

What is the ANS concerned with ?

A

control and maintenance of the internal environment

108
Q

What does the ANS consist of ?

A

efferent pathways to muscles and glands

109
Q

How are organs innervated by the ANS ?

A

dual innervation - organs are both innervated by the PNS/SNS

110
Q

How is the parasympathetic nervous system connected to the CNS ?

A

via craniosacral outflow - cranial and sacral spinal nerves

111
Q

How is the sympathetic nervous system connected to the CNS ?

A

thoracolumbar outflow

T1- L1/L2

112
Q

How many efferent axons does it take to carry information from the CNS to the target via the ANS ?

A

2 efferent axons

these synapse at an intermediate autonomic ganlion

113
Q

What is the relationship between preganglionic and postganglionic axons in the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A

the preganglionic axons are long
the postganglionic axons are short
the ganglia are in the wall of the target

114
Q

What is the relationship between the preganglionic and postganglionic axons in the the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

the preganglionic axons are short
the postgangliomic axons are long
the ganglia are in the sympathetic chain

115
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system ?

A 
rest and digest 
increases gut motility 
decreases heart rate 
increase saliva
dilate the cutaneous vessels
116
Q

What are the parasympathetic ganglia ?

A 
ciliary 
otic 
pterygopalatine 
sub mandibular 
intra mural
117
Q

What are the sumpathetic ganglia ?

A

sympathetic chain
superior cervical - head and neck supply
coeliac
superior mesenteric

118
Q

What does the skull consist of ?

A

cranium and the mandible

119
Q

What can the cranium be split into ?

A 
neurocranium = braincase 
viscerocranium = facial skeleton
120
Q

What can the facial skeleton (viscerocranium) be split into ?

A

the facial skeleton

mandible

121
Q

What does the coronal suture separate ?

A

the frontal and the parietal bones

122
Q

What does the sagittal suture separate ?

A

separates the parietal bones

123
Q

What is bregma ?

A

the point where the sagittal and coronal sutures meet

124
Q

What is the mastoid process an extension of ?

A

temporal bone

125
Q

What does the lamboidal suture separate ?

A

the occipital and parietla bones

126
Q

What is lambda ?

A

the point where the sagittal and lamboidal sutures meet

127
Q

What is the superior nuchal line ?

A

it radiates laterally from the external occipital protuberance

128
Q

What is pterion ?

A

the H shaped junction between the frontal bone
squamous of the temporal bone
greater wing of sphenoid
Parietal bone

129
Q

in which bone is the external auditory meatus ?

A

the temporal bone

130
Q

Where does the mental foramen open ?

A

near the second mandibular pre-molar

131
Q

Where is the hypoglossal canal ?

A

underneath the occipital condyles

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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