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BDS Stage 1 > Cell bio test corrections > Flashcards

Cell bio test corrections Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of type I collagen ?

A

Skin, tendon, bone ,ligaments, dentine and Interstitial tissues

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2
Q

What is the role of type II collagen ?

A

Cartilage

vitreous humor

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3
Q

What is the role of type III collagen ?

A

Skin, Muscle and blood vessels

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4
Q

What is the role of type IV collagen ?

A

Basal lamina

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5
Q

What is the role of type V collagen ?

A

Foetal membranes and placenta

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6
Q

Which is sheet forming collagen ?

A

type IV

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7
Q

Which types of collagen are similar to type I ?

A

I and III

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of gene deletion ?

A

UV light

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9
Q

What is the structure of GAGs ?

A

Repeating polysacharide unit
amino sugar
glucorinic acid

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10
Q

Where can you find GAGs ?

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

Where does the large sub unit bind to initially in translation ?

A

methionine codon

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12
Q

Where does the small subunit bind to initially in transcription ?

A

5’ cap

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13
Q

Where does RNA polymerase bind to in transcription initially ?

A

promoter

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14
Q

What is vimentin ?

A

an intermediate filament

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15
Q

What is heterochromatin ?

A

more tightly wound DNA - gene silencing

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16
Q

What type of receptor allows cyclic AMP production ?

A

G protein coupled receptor

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17
Q

What is a key feature of phospholipids ?

A

amphipathic

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18
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in the number of RNAs they have ?

A

Eukaryotes- 3 RNAs

Prokaryotes- 1 RNA

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19
Q

What is the contractile ring made of ?

A

actin

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20
Q

What is prometaphase ?

A

nuclear envelope disassembles

chromosomes join to the spindle

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21
Q

What is the origin of epithelial tissue ?

A

ectoderm

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22
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue ?

A

mainly collagen interwoven with elastin

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23
Q

What cells secrete collagen ?

A

fibroblasts

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24
Q

How is elastin deposited ?

A

fibrillin acts as a scaffold for elastin deposition q

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25
Q

How is collagen joint to actin ?

A

fibronectin is joint to collagen which is joint to actin via integrin dimers

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26
Q

Where can you find teichoic acids and lipid teichoic acids ?

A

gram positive cell wall

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27
Q

What is the mitotic spindle made of ?

A

microtubules

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28
Q

How are CDKs switched off ?

A

when cyclin is detroyed by anaphase promoting complex - tags with ubiquitin

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29
Q

What are the proteins in tight junctions ?

A

claudins and occludins

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30
Q

What are the proteins in gap jucnrions ?

A

connexons

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31
Q

What are the types of proteins in anchoring junctions ?

A

adherins and cadherins

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32
Q

What are cilia made of ?

A

microtubules

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33
Q

What is histone 1 ?

A

linker histone

brings nucleosomes closer together yo form more condensed fibre

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34
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotes, mitochondria and eukaryotes ?

A

prokaryotes and mitochondria do binary fission whilst eukaryotic cells use mitosis
eukaryotic cells arent invovled in energy production whilst mitochondria and prokaryotes use oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochindria and prokaryotes have 70S ribsomes whilst eukaroytic cells have 80S ribosomes
mitochindria and prokaryotes hace circualr DNA ehislr eukaroytes have linear DNA

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35
Q

What are the bacterial cytoskeletal proteins ?

A

actin - MreB- mitotic spindle

tubulin- FtsZ- contractile ring

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36
Q

What are myobacteria classed as and why ?

A

gram positive- have single membrane

37
Q

What is the structure of gram negative bacteria ?

A

cytoplasmic membrane
periplasm- with peptidoglycan
outer membrane- LPS

38
Q

What is the structure of gram positive bacteria ?

A

thick peptidgolycan layer reinforced with teichoic acids and lipidteichoic acids

39
Q

What are the differnces between bacteria and archaea ?

A

bacteria have simple RNA polymerase whilst arachaea- complex
bacteria have membranes made of glycerol esters and archaea have membranes made of glycerol ethers
Bacteria have no hisones whislr archae have histoens
Bacteria use peptidoglycan ans archaee use pseufomuerin

40
Q

What is the process of binary fission ?

A

elongation
formation of FtsZ ring
contraction and formation of spetum
sepraration

41
Q

What are the proteins used in bacterial ninary fission ?

A

FtsZ
MreB
minCDE

42
Q

What are autotrophs ?

A

use co2

43
Q

What are hexotrophs ?

A

use complex organic substances to obtain carbon

44
Q

What is bacterial translation and transcription like ?

A

little processing

45
Q

What is immunblotting ?

A

extract proteins from the cell
separation by gel electrophoresis
Transfer to nitrocellulose
add antibodies and detection reagent

46
Q

What can you use to stain DNA and what are the colurs ?

A

DAPI blue stains minor groove in DNA
Red- actin
green- tubulin

47
Q

What is the process of DNA hybridisation ?

A

DA helix unwound at high temperatures
oligonuclotide synthetically amde
temperatur reduced and probe added
labelled with fluorphore or enzyme

48
Q

How does lidocaine work as a LAN ?

A

binds to sodium channels
prevents influx of sodium ions
Stops APs and nerve conductance

49
Q

Which enzyme removes phosphate groups ?

A

protein phosphatase

50
Q

What is the structure of GPCR ?

A

7 pass transmembrane structure - single polypeptide

51
Q

What are cAMP, DAG and IP3 ?

A

second messengers

52
Q

What is receptor tyrosine kinase

A

enzyme couples receptor

cancer

53
Q

How are RNA lifetimes controlled ?

A

by the 3’ UTR region

proteins required in high amounts have long lived mRNAs

54
Q

Describe the process of translation ?

A

small subunit binds to the 5’ cap
shuffles to the AUG codon
tRNA for AUG brings amino acid
large subunit binds to the methionine codon
small subinit shuffles to next codon
tRNA brings amino acid
large subunit catalyses the formation of thebpeptide bond.

55
Q

How is transcription initiated ?

A

binding to the TATA box
phosphorylation of RNA polymerase
TFs bind to promoter- Transcription initiataion comp;ex

56
Q

What do promtoers contain ?

A

transcription initiation site

series of upstream nucleotides needed to recognise the promoter

57
Q

What are the mechanisms of cell memory ?

A

posttive feedback loop- TF initiates trascription of own gene
Epigenetics- Copy and paste DNA methylation patterns
Acetylated histones can confer the pattern to neatbu histones

58
Q

How do mitogens work ?

A

accumulating cyclin

releasing the molecular brakes between G1 and S

59
Q

How are CSKs switched off ?

A

when cyclin is destroyed by anaphase promoting complex

60
Q

Where does the mitotic spindle grab hold of chromosomes ?

A

at the kinetochore

61
Q

Which extracellular signals can control cell division ?

A

mitogens
growth factors
survival factors

62
Q

What do survival factors do ?

A

inhibit apoptosis

63
Q

What happens in apoptosis ?

A 
cell develops blebs 
DNA fragmented- DNase 
cytoskeleton collapses 
nuclear membrane collapses
phagoytic cell will engulf
64
Q

How do caspases attack ?

A

attacking nuclear lamin proteins

fragmenting DNA - DNase

65
Q

Which molecules activate and inhibit apoptisis ?

A

activate- TNF works via death receptors

inhibit- Mitogens, GFs,SFs and attachment to the ECM

66
Q

What happens if DNA is damaged ?

A

p53 activated
CDKs supressed
block progression from G1 to S

67
Q

What happens if an excessive amount of DNA is damaged ?

A

p53 activated

BCL2 activated- apoptosis

68
Q

What happens in chemical damage ?

A

carcinogens lead to the formation of DNA adducts

69
Q

What happens in physical damage to DNA?

A

Physical damage leads to the formation of thymine dimers

70
Q

What is depurination ?

A

deletion

71
Q

What is deamination ?

A

substitution

72
Q

What is retrotransposition ?

A

RNA convereted to DNA
inserted into the genome
exon shuffling and novel exons

73
Q

What are early defects ?

A

developmental processes

74
Q

What are late defects ?

A

cell differentiation

75
Q

What are biomarkers ?

A

molecules, genes and characteristics that help us to identify pathogenic processes

76
Q

What are the 4 types of biomarkers ?

A

prognostic
diagnostic
susceptibility
predictive

77
Q

How can you identify genes ?

A

codon bias
splice site sequences
gene regualatoy sequences

78
Q

What are express sequence tags /

A

collect mRNA and reverse transcribe into cDNA
compare with DNA
look for extragnic sequences
howevere most mRNA is non coding

79
Q

What are RISCS ?

A

RNA induced silencing complexes
double stranded RNA is cut into short strands
taken up by RISCS
one strand discarded
other strand used to bind to RNAs via complementary base pairing- leads to destruction with nucleases

80
Q

Which amino acid has Hydrogen as its R group ?

A

Glycine

81
Q

What is the general structure of amino acids ?

A

central C atom
amino group
carboxyl group
R group

82
Q

Which enzyme is critical for effective mRNA translation ?

A

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

83
Q

Which amino acid provides a positive charge for histones ?

A

arginine

84
Q

What is the DNA structure associated with typ1 DM ?

A

SNPs

85
Q

What does retinoblastoma protein do ?

A

inhibit cell cycle progression

86
Q

What technology can predict the peptide fragment pattern of a protein ?

A

mass spectrometry

87
Q

What technology can be used for isolating and separating a protein ?

A

2D gel

88
Q

Which 2 methods can be used to measure the full transcriptosome ?

A

RNAseq

DNA microarray

89
Q

Why is important to study the transcriptosome ?

A

shows responses to stimuli we wouldnt normally see in proteins

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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