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BDS Stage 1 > Cell bio test corrections > Flashcards

Cell bio test corrections Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of type I collagen ?

A

Skin, tendon, bone ,ligaments, dentine and Interstitial tissues

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2
Q

What is the role of type II collagen ?

A

Cartilage

vitreous humor

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3
Q

What is the role of type III collagen ?

A

Skin, Muscle and blood vessels

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4
Q

What is the role of type IV collagen ?

A

Basal lamina

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5
Q

What is the role of type V collagen ?

A

Foetal membranes and placenta

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6
Q

Which is sheet forming collagen ?

A

type IV

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7
Q

Which types of collagen are similar to type I ?

A

I and III

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of gene deletion ?

A

UV light

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9
Q

What is the structure of GAGs ?

A

Repeating polysacharide unit
amino sugar
glucorinic acid

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10
Q

Where can you find GAGs ?

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

Where does the large sub unit bind to initially in translation ?

A

methionine codon

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12
Q

Where does the small subunit bind to initially in transcription ?

A

5’ cap

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13
Q

Where does RNA polymerase bind to in transcription initially ?

A

promoter

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14
Q

What is vimentin ?

A

an intermediate filament

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15
Q

What is heterochromatin ?

A

more tightly wound DNA - gene silencing

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16
Q

What type of receptor allows cyclic AMP production ?

A

G protein coupled receptor

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17
Q

What is a key feature of phospholipids ?

A

amphipathic

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18
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes in the number of RNAs they have ?

A

Eukaryotes- 3 RNAs

Prokaryotes- 1 RNA

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19
Q

What is the contractile ring made of ?

A

actin

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20
Q

What is prometaphase ?

A

nuclear envelope disassembles

chromosomes join to the spindle

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21
Q

What is the origin of epithelial tissue ?

A

ectoderm

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22
Q

What is the structure of connective tissue ?

A

mainly collagen interwoven with elastin

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23
Q

What cells secrete collagen ?

A

fibroblasts

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24
Q

How is elastin deposited ?

A

fibrillin acts as a scaffold for elastin deposition q

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25
How is collagen joint to actin ?
fibronectin is joint to collagen which is joint to actin via integrin dimers
26
Where can you find teichoic acids and lipid teichoic acids ?
gram positive cell wall
27
What is the mitotic spindle made of ?
microtubules
28
How are CDKs switched off ?
when cyclin is detroyed by anaphase promoting complex - tags with ubiquitin
29
What are the proteins in tight junctions ?
claudins and occludins
30
What are the proteins in gap jucnrions ?
connexons
31
What are the types of proteins in anchoring junctions ?
adherins and cadherins
32
What are cilia made of ?
microtubules
33
What is histone 1 ?
linker histone | brings nucleosomes closer together yo form more condensed fibre
34
What are the differences between prokaryotes, mitochondria and eukaryotes ?
prokaryotes and mitochondria do binary fission whilst eukaryotic cells use mitosis eukaryotic cells arent invovled in energy production whilst mitochondria and prokaryotes use oxidative phosphorylation Mitochindria and prokaryotes have 70S ribsomes whilst eukaroytic cells have 80S ribosomes mitochindria and prokaryotes hace circualr DNA ehislr eukaroytes have linear DNA
35
What are the bacterial cytoskeletal proteins ?
actin - MreB- mitotic spindle | tubulin- FtsZ- contractile ring
36
What are myobacteria classed as and why ?
gram positive- have single membrane
37
What is the structure of gram negative bacteria ?
cytoplasmic membrane periplasm- with peptidoglycan outer membrane- LPS
38
What is the structure of gram positive bacteria ?
thick peptidgolycan layer reinforced with teichoic acids and lipidteichoic acids
39
What are the differnces between bacteria and archaea ?
bacteria have simple RNA polymerase whilst arachaea- complex bacteria have membranes made of glycerol esters and archaea have membranes made of glycerol ethers Bacteria have no hisones whislr archae have histoens Bacteria use peptidoglycan ans archaee use pseufomuerin
40
What is the process of binary fission ?
elongation formation of FtsZ ring contraction and formation of spetum sepraration
41
What are the proteins used in bacterial ninary fission ?
FtsZ MreB minCDE
42
What are autotrophs ?
use co2
43
What are hexotrophs ?
use complex organic substances to obtain carbon
44
What is bacterial translation and transcription like ?
little processing
45
What is immunblotting ?
extract proteins from the cell separation by gel electrophoresis Transfer to nitrocellulose add antibodies and detection reagent
46
What can you use to stain DNA and what are the colurs ?
DAPI blue stains minor groove in DNA Red- actin green- tubulin
47
What is the process of DNA hybridisation ?
DA helix unwound at high temperatures oligonuclotide synthetically amde temperatur reduced and probe added labelled with fluorphore or enzyme
48
How does lidocaine work as a LAN ?
binds to sodium channels prevents influx of sodium ions Stops APs and nerve conductance
49
Which enzyme removes phosphate groups ?
protein phosphatase
50
What is the structure of GPCR ?
7 pass transmembrane structure - single polypeptide
51
What are cAMP, DAG and IP3 ?
second messengers
52
What is receptor tyrosine kinase
enzyme couples receptor | cancer
53
How are RNA lifetimes controlled ?
by the 3' UTR region | proteins required in high amounts have long lived mRNAs
54
Describe the process of translation ?
small subunit binds to the 5' cap shuffles to the AUG codon tRNA for AUG brings amino acid large subunit binds to the methionine codon small subinit shuffles to next codon tRNA brings amino acid large subunit catalyses the formation of thebpeptide bond.
55
How is transcription initiated ?
binding to the TATA box phosphorylation of RNA polymerase TFs bind to promoter- Transcription initiataion comp;ex
56
What do promtoers contain ?
transcription initiation site | series of upstream nucleotides needed to recognise the promoter
57
What are the mechanisms of cell memory ?
posttive feedback loop- TF initiates trascription of own gene Epigenetics- Copy and paste DNA methylation patterns Acetylated histones can confer the pattern to neatbu histones
58
How do mitogens work ?
accumulating cyclin | releasing the molecular brakes between G1 and S
59
How are CSKs switched off ?
when cyclin is destroyed by anaphase promoting complex
60
Where does the mitotic spindle grab hold of chromosomes ?
at the kinetochore
61
Which extracellular signals can control cell division ?
mitogens growth factors survival factors
62
What do survival factors do ?
inhibit apoptosis
63
What happens in apoptosis ?
``` cell develops blebs DNA fragmented- DNase cytoskeleton collapses nuclear membrane collapses phagoytic cell will engulf ```
64
How do caspases attack ?
attacking nuclear lamin proteins | fragmenting DNA - DNase
65
Which molecules activate and inhibit apoptisis ?
activate- TNF works via death receptors | inhibit- Mitogens, GFs,SFs and attachment to the ECM
66
What happens if DNA is damaged ?
p53 activated CDKs supressed block progression from G1 to S
67
What happens if an excessive amount of DNA is damaged ?
p53 activated | BCL2 activated- apoptosis
68
What happens in chemical damage ?
carcinogens lead to the formation of DNA adducts
69
What happens in physical damage to DNA?
Physical damage leads to the formation of thymine dimers
70
What is depurination ?
deletion
71
What is deamination ?
substitution
72
What is retrotransposition ?
RNA convereted to DNA inserted into the genome exon shuffling and novel exons
73
What are early defects ?
developmental processes
74
What are late defects ?
cell differentiation
75
What are biomarkers ?
molecules, genes and characteristics that help us to identify pathogenic processes
76
What are the 4 types of biomarkers ?
prognostic diagnostic susceptibility predictive
77
How can you identify genes ?
codon bias splice site sequences gene regualatoy sequences
78
What are express sequence tags /
collect mRNA and reverse transcribe into cDNA compare with DNA look for extragnic sequences howevere most mRNA is non coding
79
What are RISCS ?
RNA induced silencing complexes double stranded RNA is cut into short strands taken up by RISCS one strand discarded other strand used to bind to RNAs via complementary base pairing- leads to destruction with nucleases
80
Which amino acid has Hydrogen as its R group ?
Glycine
81
What is the general structure of amino acids ?
central C atom amino group carboxyl group R group
82
Which enzyme is critical for effective mRNA translation ?
aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
83
Which amino acid provides a positive charge for histones ?
arginine
84
What is the DNA structure associated with typ1 DM ?
SNPs
85
What does retinoblastoma protein do ?
inhibit cell cycle progression
86
What technology can predict the peptide fragment pattern of a protein ?
mass spectrometry
87
What technology can be used for isolating and separating a protein ?
2D gel
88
Which 2 methods can be used to measure the full transcriptosome ?
RNAseq | DNA microarray
89
Why is important to study the transcriptosome ?
shows responses to stimuli we wouldnt normally see in proteins

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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