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BDS Stage 1 > Anatomy theme 6 > Flashcards

Anatomy theme 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the Pharyngeal wall ?

A

areolar coat
muscular coat
submucosa/pharyngobasilar fascia
mucosa

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2
Q

What is the areolar coat ?

A

covers the exterior of the pharynx

acts as a neurovascular transport medium

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3
Q

What is the muscular coat ?

A

it consists of the circular and longitudinal muscles

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4
Q

What are the circular muscles ?

A

sup/middle/inferior constrictors

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5
Q

What are the longitudinal muscles ?

A

stylopharyngeus

palatopharyngeus

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6
Q

What is the submucosa/pharyngobasilar fascia ?

A

tough fibrous coat

anchors the pharynx to the base of the skull as U shaped attachment

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7
Q

What is the path of the fascia that connects the pharynx to the base of the skull ?

A

from the medial pterygoid plate to the carotid canal

through the pharyngeal tubercle

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8
Q

What does the mucosa do ?

A

coats the internal aspect of the pharynx

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9
Q

What are the semi lunar constrictor muscles ?

A

superior
middle
inferior

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10
Q

What are the attachments of the superior constrictor muscle ?

A

arises from the pterygomandibular raphe and fans out posteriorly to meet the pharyngeal raphe

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11
Q

Where is the pharyngeal raphe anchored ?

A

to the base of the skull at the pharyngeal tubercle

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12
Q

What are the attachments of the middle constrictor muscle ?

A

arises from the bony interval between the lesser and greater cornu of the hyoid bone and a small part of the stylohyoid ligament and insert into the pharyngeal raphe

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13
Q

What are the 2 parts of the inferior constrictor muscle ?

A

cricopharyngeus

thyropharyngeus

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14
Q

Where do the parts of the inferior constrictor arise and insert ?

A

they arise from the cricoid and thyroid cartilages and insert into the pharyngeal raphe

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15
Q

What are the longitudinal muscles ?

A

palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus

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16
Q

What are the attachments of palatopharyngeus ?

A

from the palatal aponeurosis and auditory tube to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

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17
Q

What are the attachments of stylopharyngeus ?

A

arises from the styloid process and inserts into the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage

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18
Q

What in the innervation of the muscles of the pharynx ?

A

all supplied by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus except for stylopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal

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19
Q

What is the interior of the pharynx divided into ?

A

oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx

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20
Q

What is the nasopharynx ?

A

superior portion of the pharynx
it lies above the soft palate
communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae

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21
Q

What are the walls of the nasopharynx lined with ?

A

respiratory ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium.

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22
Q

What are the structures found in the nasopharynx ?

A

opening of the auditory tube
salpingopharyngeal fold
pharyngeal recess
pharyngeal tonsil

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23
Q

What is the salpingopharyngeal fold ?

A

a muscle covered with a mucous membrane and is a small part of the palatopharyngeus - it helps control the opening of the auditory tube

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24
Q

What is the pharyngeal tonsil ?

A

a collection of lymphoid tissue found on the superoposterior wall of the nasopharynx

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25
Q

Where does the oropharynx lie ?

A

below the soft palate

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26
Q

What are the structures found within the pharynx ?

A

palatine tonsils

palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds

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27
Q

What is the pharyngolarynx ?

A

part of the pharynx adjacent to the pharynx

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28
Q

What are the structures found within the laryngopharynx?

A

epiglottis
valleucale
piriform fossa

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29
Q

What is the epiglottis ?

A

a leaf like elastic cartilage that guards the opening of the larynx

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30
Q

What is the valleculae ?

A

Depressions created by the folds

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31
Q

What is the pririform fossa ?

A

a vertical gutter on the lateral wall of the laryngopharynx

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32
Q

What does the soft palate contain ?

A

a membrane palatine aponeurosis

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33
Q

Where is the soft palate located ?

A

it hangs from the posterior part of the hard palate

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34
Q

What are the muscles of the soft palate ?

A 
palatopharyngeus 
palatoglossus 
tensor veli palatini 
levator veli palatini 
musculus uvuale
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35
Q

What are the attachments of the palatopharyngeus ?

A

it originates from the palatine aponeurosis and inserts into the lateral wall of the pharynx - it forms the palatopharyngeal arch

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36
Q

What are the attachments of the palatoglossus ?

A

it originates from the palatine aponeurosis and inserts into the lateral aspect of the tongue - forms the palatoglossal arch

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37
Q

What are the actions of palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus ?

A

they seal the oral cavity from the oropharynx

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38
Q

What are the attachments of levator veli palatini ?

A

it originates from the opening of the auditory tube and the petrous part of the temporal bone and inserts into the palatine aponeurosis

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39
Q

What is the action of the levator veli palatini ?

A

it elevates the soft palate and seals the nasopajhrynx from the oropharynx

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40
Q

What are the attachments of the tensor veli palatini ?

A

it arsies from the opening of the auditory tube and the scaphoid fossa on the medial pterygoid plate it ends as a tendon which winds around the hamulus and inserts into the palatine aponeurosis

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41
Q

What is the action of tensor veli palatini ?

A

the muscle contracts to tense the soft palate

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42
Q

What are the attachments of musculus uvuale ?

A

arises from the posterior nasal spine and inserts into the submucosa of the uvula

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43
Q

What is the action of the musculus uvulae ?

A

contraction shortens the uvulae and pulls it upward to help seal the nasopharynx

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44
Q

What is the motor innervation of the palatal muscles ?

A

pharyngeal plexus except tensor veli palatini innervated by v3

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45
Q

What provides the sensory innervation for the soft palate ?

A

lesser palatine nerve

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46
Q

What is the sensory innervation for the hard palate ?

A

greater palatine nerve and the nasopalatine nerves

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47
Q

Where does the nasopalatine nerve come from ?

A

arises from the pterygopalatine ganglion and passes to the nasal cavity along the vomer and drops through the incisive foramen to leave the nasal cavity

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48
Q

Where does the greater palatine nerve come from ?

A

from the pterygopalatine ganglion and passes through the greater palatine foramen
medial to the second molar tooth

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49
Q

Where does the lesser palatine nerve come from ?

A

arises from the pterygopalatine ganglion and passes through the lesser palatine foramen

50
Q

What provides the blood supply to the palate ?

A

the 3rd part of the maxillary artery

51
Q

Where do the greater and lesser palatine arteries come from ?

A

the greater and lesser palatine arteries come from the descending palatine artery

52
Q

What happens to the soft palate in swallowing ?

A

the soft palate is raised to prevent liquid or food entering in nasal cavity - prevent nasal regurgitation

53
Q

Which muscles seal the nasopharynx from the oropharynx ?

A

levator and tensor veli palatini

54
Q

Which muscles seal the oral cavity from the oral pharynx ?

A

palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus

55
Q

How far does the larynx stretch ?

A

from C3-C6

56
Q

What is the larynx continous with inferiorly ?.

A

the trachea

57
Q

What are the laryngeal cartilages ?

A 
thyroid 
cricoid
epiglottic 
corniculate 
cuneiform
arytenoid
58
Q

Which of the laryngeal cartilages are paired ?

A

the arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

59
Q

What are the features of the thyroid cartilage ?

A

the thyroid lamina
the laryngeal prominence
the superior and inferior cornue
the oblique line

60
Q

What are the features of the cricoid cartilage ?

A

it is narrower anteriorly and thicker posteriorly
it articualtes with the arytenoid cartilages
it fully encircles the larynx

61
Q

What are the features of the epiglottic cartilage ?

A

a leaf shaped cartilage that arises from the back of the anterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage.

62
Q

What are the features of the arytenoid cartilage ?

A 
it has a base
pyramidal shaped 
an apex that extends superioly
a vocal process that extends anteriorly 
a muscular process that extends laterally
63
Q

Where are the corniculate cartilages ?

A

they are on the apices of the arytenoid cartilages

64
Q

Where are the cuneiform cartilages ?

A

in the aryepiglottic folds

65
Q

What are the extrinsic membranes of the larynx ?

A

the cricotracheal membrane and the thyrohyoid membrane

66
Q

What are the intrinsic membranes of the larynx ?

A 
the cricothyroid (conus elasticus)
aryepiglottic ( quadrangular)
67
Q

What are the attachments of the thyrohyoid membrane ?

A

joins the inferior border of teh hyoid bone with the superior border of the thyrpid cartilage

68
Q

What are the attachments of the cricotrahceal membrane ?

A

the cricoid cartilage and the tracheal ring

69
Q

What are the attachments of the conus elasticus ?

A

the true vocal folds and the superior border of the cricoid cartilage

70
Q

What shape is the conus elasticus ?

A

it is U-shaped

71
Q

What are the attachments of the quadrangular membrane ?

A

from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage

72
Q

What are the 2 sets of vocal folds ?

A

the false vocal folds known as the vestibular folds which are superior to the true vocal folds

73
Q

How are the false vocal folds formed ?

A

by the free edge of the quadrangular membrane

74
Q

What is the space between the true vocal folds called ?

A

the rima glottidis

75
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the laryngeal cavity ?

A

the supraglottic cavity
the ventricle
the infraglottic cavity

76
Q

Where is the supraglottic cavity located ?

A

from the inferior border of the epiglottis to the superior border of the vestibular folds

77
Q

Where is the ventricle located ?

A

between the vestibular and the vocal folds

78
Q

Where is the infraglottic cavity located ?

A

from the inferior border of the vocal folds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

79
Q

What is the internal surface of the larynx lined with ?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

80
Q

What are the true vocal folds lined with ?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

81
Q

What are the 2 laryngeal joints ?

A

the cricothyroid joint and the cricoarytenoid joint

82
Q

What is the cricothyroid joint ?

A

an articulation between the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage and the facets on the lateral aspect of cricoid cartilage

83
Q

What type of joint is the cricothyroid joint ?

A

a bilateral joint

84
Q

What ligament strengthens the cricothyroid joint ?

A

The ceratocricoid ligament

85
Q

What is the action of the cricothyroid joint ?

A

it allows the thyroid cartilages to rotate and glide on the cricoid cartilages- this lengthens and shortens the vocal folds

86
Q

What is the cricoarytenoid joint ?

A

joint between the base of the arytenoid cartilage and the facet on the cricoid lamina.

87
Q

Which ligament strengthens the cricoarytenoid joint and prevents any translatory movements ?

A

the cricoarytenoid ligament

88
Q

What is the action of the cricoarytenoid joint ?

A

it abducts and adducts the vocal folds

89
Q

What are the attachments of the aryepiglottic muscle ?

A

arises from the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and inserts into the apex of the opposite arytenoid and the epiglottis

90
Q

What are the attachments of the Posterior cricoarytenoid ?

A

arises from the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

91
Q

`What is the action of the aryepiglottic muscle ?

A

it acts to close the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

92
Q

What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle ?

A

it contracts to spin the arytenoid cartilages and therefore abduct the vocal folds

93
Q

What are the attachments of the thyroepiglottic muscle ?

A

arises from the thyroid cartilage and inserts into the epiglottis

94
Q

What are the attachments of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle ?

A

arises from the lateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the arytenoid cartilage

95
Q

What is the action of the thyroepiglottic muscle ?

A

closes the vestibule

96
Q

What is the action of lateral cricoarytenoid ?

A

it adducts the vocal folds and closes the rima glottidis

97
Q

What are the attachments of interarytenoid ?

A

arises from the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and inserts into the opposite cartilage as either transverse or oblique fibres

98
Q

What is the action of the interarytenoid ?

A

it adducts the vocal folds and closes the rima glottidis

99
Q

What are the attachments of the cricotyroid muscle ?

A

Arises from the anterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the posteroinferior aspect of the thyroid cartilage

100
Q

What is the action of the cricothyroid muscle ?

A

it contracts to move the thyroid cartilage over the cricoid cartilage - this causes the vocal folds to lengthen

101
Q

What are the attachments of the thyroarytenoid cartilage ?

A

arises from the internal aspect of the thyroid lamina and inserts into the lateral aspect of the arytenoid cartilage

102
Q

What is the action of the thyroarytenoid ?

A

clsoes the vestibule and shortens the vocal folds

103
Q

What are the attachments of vocalis ?

A

it arises as the inferior fibres of the thyroarytenoid muscle and inserts into the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage

104
Q

What are the actions of vocalis ?

A

shortens the vocal folds

105
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the larynx including the vocal folds and above ?

A

the internal branch of thee superior laryngeal nerve

106
Q

What is the sensory innervation of the larynx below the voal folds ?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

107
Q

What are the functions of the larynx ?

A

phonatory
sphincteric for protection
ventilatory

108
Q

Describe the cough reflex ?

A

foreign bodies enter the supraglottic cavity and this is detected by receptors and sent to the brain via afferent sensory pathways. this causes inspiration and the vocal folds are adducted - this increases thoracic pressure until forceful expiration and the vocal folds are adducted and the foreign body dislodged

109
Q

What are the stages of the sequential model of swallowing ?

A

formation of a bolus
entering the oropharynx
reflex propulsion along the pharynx
simultaneous airways protection

110
Q

Which muscles close the mouth ?

A

jaw elevators - masseter , medial pterygouid and temporalis

111
Q

Which muscles closes the lips ?

A

orbicualris oris

112
Q

What happens when the bolus is in the mouth ?

A

bolus is in the mouth and the anterior part of the tongue is raised to meet the hard palate
soft palate lowered
bolus is moved posteriorly into the oropharynx

113
Q

Which muscles lower the soft palate ?

A

palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus

114
Q

Which muscles moves the bolus posteriorly along the tongue ?

A

the superior longitudinal and the transveRSE

115
Q

Which muscles move the posterior part of the tongue?

A

mylohyoid and genioglossus

116
Q

Which muscles allow the bolus to enter the oropharynx ?

A

palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus

117
Q

Which muscles elevate the pharynx ?

A

styloharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
thyrohyoid

118
Q

Which muscles seal the nasopharynx ?

A

levator and tensor veli palatini

119
Q

Which muscles allow the bolus to move towards the epiglottis ?

A

superior and middle constrictors

120
Q

Which muscles close the laryngeal inlet ?

A

interarytenoid
aryepiglottic
thyroepiglottic

121
Q

Which muscles allow the bolus to enter the lateral food channels ?

A

the constrictor muscles and palatopharynegus

122
Q

Which muscle allows the bolus to enter the oesophagus ?

A

the cricopharyngeus

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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