Anatomy theme 6 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 layers of the Pharyngeal wall ?
A
areolar coat
muscular coat
submucosa/pharyngobasilar fascia
mucosa
2
Q
What is the areolar coat ?
A
covers the exterior of the pharynx
acts as a neurovascular transport medium
3
Q
What is the muscular coat ?
A
it consists of the circular and longitudinal muscles
4
Q
What are the circular muscles ?
A
sup/middle/inferior constrictors
5
Q
What are the longitudinal muscles ?
A
stylopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
6
Q
What is the submucosa/pharyngobasilar fascia ?
A
tough fibrous coat
anchors the pharynx to the base of the skull as U shaped attachment
7
Q
What is the path of the fascia that connects the pharynx to the base of the skull ?
A
from the medial pterygoid plate to the carotid canal
through the pharyngeal tubercle
8
Q
What does the mucosa do ?
A
coats the internal aspect of the pharynx
9
Q
What are the semi lunar constrictor muscles ?
A
superior
middle
inferior
10
Q
What are the attachments of the superior constrictor muscle ?
A
arises from the pterygomandibular raphe and fans out posteriorly to meet the pharyngeal raphe
11
Q
Where is the pharyngeal raphe anchored ?
A
to the base of the skull at the pharyngeal tubercle
12
Q
What are the attachments of the middle constrictor muscle ?
A
arises from the bony interval between the lesser and greater cornu of the hyoid bone and a small part of the stylohyoid ligament and insert into the pharyngeal raphe
13
Q
What are the 2 parts of the inferior constrictor muscle ?
A
cricopharyngeus
thyropharyngeus
14
Q
Where do the parts of the inferior constrictor arise and insert ?
A
they arise from the cricoid and thyroid cartilages and insert into the pharyngeal raphe
15
Q
What are the longitudinal muscles ?
A
palatopharyngeus and stylopharyngeus
16
Q
What are the attachments of palatopharyngeus ?
A
from the palatal aponeurosis and auditory tube to the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
17
Q
What are the attachments of stylopharyngeus ?
A
arises from the styloid process and inserts into the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage
18
Q
What in the innervation of the muscles of the pharynx ?
A
all supplied by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus except for stylopharyngeus - glossopharyngeal
19
Q
What is the interior of the pharynx divided into ?
A
oropharynx
nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
20
Q
What is the nasopharynx ?
A
superior portion of the pharynx
it lies above the soft palate
communicates with the nasal cavity through the choanae
21
Q
What are the walls of the nasopharynx lined with ?
A
respiratory ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium.
22
Q
What are the structures found in the nasopharynx ?
A
opening of the auditory tube
salpingopharyngeal fold
pharyngeal recess
pharyngeal tonsil
23
Q
What is the salpingopharyngeal fold ?
A
a muscle covered with a mucous membrane and is a small part of the palatopharyngeus - it helps control the opening of the auditory tube
24
Q
What is the pharyngeal tonsil ?
A
a collection of lymphoid tissue found on the superoposterior wall of the nasopharynx
25
Where does the oropharynx lie ?
below the soft palate
26
What are the structures found within the pharynx ?
palatine tonsils
| palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds
27
What is the pharyngolarynx ?
part of the pharynx adjacent to the pharynx
28
What are the structures found within the laryngopharynx?
epiglottis
valleucale
piriform fossa
29
What is the epiglottis ?
a leaf like elastic cartilage that guards the opening of the larynx
30
What is the valleculae ?
Depressions created by the folds
31
What is the pririform fossa ?
a vertical gutter on the lateral wall of the laryngopharynx
32
What does the soft palate contain ?
a membrane palatine aponeurosis
33
Where is the soft palate located ?
it hangs from the posterior part of the hard palate
34
What are the muscles of the soft palate ?
```
palatopharyngeus
palatoglossus
tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
musculus uvuale
```
35
What are the attachments of the palatopharyngeus ?
it originates from the palatine aponeurosis and inserts into the lateral wall of the pharynx - it forms the palatopharyngeal arch
36
What are the attachments of the palatoglossus ?
it originates from the palatine aponeurosis and inserts into the lateral aspect of the tongue - forms the palatoglossal arch
37
What are the actions of palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus ?
they seal the oral cavity from the oropharynx
38
What are the attachments of levator veli palatini ?
it originates from the opening of the auditory tube and the petrous part of the temporal bone and inserts into the palatine aponeurosis
39
What is the action of the levator veli palatini ?
it elevates the soft palate and seals the nasopajhrynx from the oropharynx
40
What are the attachments of the tensor veli palatini ?
it arsies from the opening of the auditory tube and the scaphoid fossa on the medial pterygoid plate it ends as a tendon which winds around the hamulus and inserts into the palatine aponeurosis
41
What is the action of tensor veli palatini ?
the muscle contracts to tense the soft palate
42
What are the attachments of musculus uvuale ?
arises from the posterior nasal spine and inserts into the submucosa of the uvula
43
What is the action of the musculus uvulae ?
contraction shortens the uvulae and pulls it upward to help seal the nasopharynx
44
What is the motor innervation of the palatal muscles ?
pharyngeal plexus except tensor veli palatini innervated by v3
45
What provides the sensory innervation for the soft palate ?
lesser palatine nerve
46
What is the sensory innervation for the hard palate ?
greater palatine nerve and the nasopalatine nerves
47
Where does the nasopalatine nerve come from ?
arises from the pterygopalatine ganglion and passes to the nasal cavity along the vomer and drops through the incisive foramen to leave the nasal cavity
48
Where does the greater palatine nerve come from ?
from the pterygopalatine ganglion and passes through the greater palatine foramen
medial to the second molar tooth
49
Where does the lesser palatine nerve come from ?
arises from the pterygopalatine ganglion and passes through the lesser palatine foramen
50
What provides the blood supply to the palate ?
the 3rd part of the maxillary artery
51
Where do the greater and lesser palatine arteries come from ?
the greater and lesser palatine arteries come from the descending palatine artery
52
What happens to the soft palate in swallowing ?
the soft palate is raised to prevent liquid or food entering in nasal cavity - prevent nasal regurgitation
53
Which muscles seal the nasopharynx from the oropharynx ?
levator and tensor veli palatini
54
Which muscles seal the oral cavity from the oral pharynx ?
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
55
How far does the larynx stretch ?
from C3-C6
56
What is the larynx continous with inferiorly ?.
the trachea
57
What are the laryngeal cartilages ?
```
thyroid
cricoid
epiglottic
corniculate
cuneiform
arytenoid
```
58
Which of the laryngeal cartilages are paired ?
the arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform
59
What are the features of the thyroid cartilage ?
the thyroid lamina
the laryngeal prominence
the superior and inferior cornue
the oblique line
60
What are the features of the cricoid cartilage ?
it is narrower anteriorly and thicker posteriorly
it articualtes with the arytenoid cartilages
it fully encircles the larynx
61
What are the features of the epiglottic cartilage ?
a leaf shaped cartilage that arises from the back of the anterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage.
62
What are the features of the arytenoid cartilage ?
```
it has a base
pyramidal shaped
an apex that extends superioly
a vocal process that extends anteriorly
a muscular process that extends laterally
```
63
Where are the corniculate cartilages ?
they are on the apices of the arytenoid cartilages
64
Where are the cuneiform cartilages ?
in the aryepiglottic folds
65
What are the extrinsic membranes of the larynx ?
the cricotracheal membrane and the thyrohyoid membrane
66
What are the intrinsic membranes of the larynx ?
```
the cricothyroid (conus elasticus)
aryepiglottic ( quadrangular)
```
67
What are the attachments of the thyrohyoid membrane ?
joins the inferior border of teh hyoid bone with the superior border of the thyrpid cartilage
68
What are the attachments of the cricotrahceal membrane ?
the cricoid cartilage and the tracheal ring
69
What are the attachments of the conus elasticus ?
the true vocal folds and the superior border of the cricoid cartilage
70
What shape is the conus elasticus ?
it is U-shaped
71
What are the attachments of the quadrangular membrane ?
from the epiglottis to the arytenoid cartilage
72
What are the 2 sets of vocal folds ?
the false vocal folds known as the vestibular folds which are superior to the true vocal folds
73
How are the false vocal folds formed ?
by the free edge of the quadrangular membrane
74
What is the space between the true vocal folds called ?
the rima glottidis
75
What are the 3 divisions of the laryngeal cavity ?
the supraglottic cavity
the ventricle
the infraglottic cavity
76
Where is the supraglottic cavity located ?
from the inferior border of the epiglottis to the superior border of the vestibular folds
77
Where is the ventricle located ?
between the vestibular and the vocal folds
78
Where is the infraglottic cavity located ?
from the inferior border of the vocal folds to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
79
What is the internal surface of the larynx lined with ?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
80
What are the true vocal folds lined with ?
stratified squamous epithelium
81
What are the 2 laryngeal joints ?
the cricothyroid joint and the cricoarytenoid joint
82
What is the cricothyroid joint ?
an articulation between the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage and the facets on the lateral aspect of cricoid cartilage
83
What type of joint is the cricothyroid joint ?
a bilateral joint
84
What ligament strengthens the cricothyroid joint ?
The ceratocricoid ligament
85
What is the action of the cricothyroid joint ?
it allows the thyroid cartilages to rotate and glide on the cricoid cartilages- this lengthens and shortens the vocal folds
86
What is the cricoarytenoid joint ?
joint between the base of the arytenoid cartilage and the facet on the cricoid lamina.
87
Which ligament strengthens the cricoarytenoid joint and prevents any translatory movements ?
the cricoarytenoid ligament
88
What is the action of the cricoarytenoid joint ?
it abducts and adducts the vocal folds
89
What are the attachments of the aryepiglottic muscle ?
arises from the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and inserts into the apex of the opposite arytenoid and the epiglottis
90
What are the attachments of the Posterior cricoarytenoid ?
arises from the posterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
91
`What is the action of the aryepiglottic muscle ?
it acts to close the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
92
What is the action of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle ?
it contracts to spin the arytenoid cartilages and therefore abduct the vocal folds
93
What are the attachments of the thyroepiglottic muscle ?
arises from the thyroid cartilage and inserts into the epiglottis
94
What are the attachments of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle ?
arises from the lateral aspect of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the arytenoid cartilage
95
What is the action of the thyroepiglottic muscle ?
closes the vestibule
96
What is the action of lateral cricoarytenoid ?
it adducts the vocal folds and closes the rima glottidis
97
What are the attachments of interarytenoid ?
arises from the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and inserts into the opposite cartilage as either transverse or oblique fibres
98
What is the action of the interarytenoid ?
it adducts the vocal folds and closes the rima glottidis
99
What are the attachments of the cricotyroid muscle ?
Arises from the anterior aspect of the cricoid cartilage and inserts into the posteroinferior aspect of the thyroid cartilage
100
What is the action of the cricothyroid muscle ?
it contracts to move the thyroid cartilage over the cricoid cartilage - this causes the vocal folds to lengthen
101
What are the attachments of the thyroarytenoid cartilage ?
arises from the internal aspect of the thyroid lamina and inserts into the lateral aspect of the arytenoid cartilage
102
What is the action of the thyroarytenoid ?
clsoes the vestibule and shortens the vocal folds
103
What are the attachments of vocalis ?
it arises as the inferior fibres of the thyroarytenoid muscle and inserts into the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage
104
What are the actions of vocalis ?
shortens the vocal folds
105
What is the sensory innervation of the larynx including the vocal folds and above ?
the internal branch of thee superior laryngeal nerve
106
What is the sensory innervation of the larynx below the voal folds ?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
107
What are the functions of the larynx ?
phonatory
sphincteric for protection
ventilatory
108
Describe the cough reflex ?
foreign bodies enter the supraglottic cavity and this is detected by receptors and sent to the brain via afferent sensory pathways. this causes inspiration and the vocal folds are adducted - this increases thoracic pressure until forceful expiration and the vocal folds are adducted and the foreign body dislodged
109
What are the stages of the sequential model of swallowing ?
formation of a bolus
entering the oropharynx
reflex propulsion along the pharynx
simultaneous airways protection
110
Which muscles close the mouth ?
jaw elevators - masseter , medial pterygouid and temporalis
111
Which muscles closes the lips ?
orbicualris oris
112
What happens when the bolus is in the mouth ?
bolus is in the mouth and the anterior part of the tongue is raised to meet the hard palate
soft palate lowered
bolus is moved posteriorly into the oropharynx
113
Which muscles lower the soft palate ?
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
114
Which muscles moves the bolus posteriorly along the tongue ?
the superior longitudinal and the transveRSE
115
Which muscles move the posterior part of the tongue?
mylohyoid and genioglossus
116
Which muscles allow the bolus to enter the oropharynx ?
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
117
Which muscles elevate the pharynx ?
styloharyngeus
palatopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
thyrohyoid
118
Which muscles seal the nasopharynx ?
levator and tensor veli palatini
119
Which muscles allow the bolus to move towards the epiglottis ?
superior and middle constrictors
120
Which muscles close the laryngeal inlet ?
interarytenoid
aryepiglottic
thyroepiglottic
121
Which muscles allow the bolus to enter the lateral food channels ?
the constrictor muscles and palatopharynegus
122
Which muscle allows the bolus to enter the oesophagus ?
the cricopharyngeus
