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BDS Stage 1 > Anatomy theme 7 > Flashcards

Anatomy theme 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of animal development ?

A 
Gametogenesis 
fertilisation 
cleavage 
gastrulation 
organogenesis 
growth 
birth 
juvenile phase 
maturity 
senescence and death
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2
Q

What is gametogenesis ?

A

the process by which a haploid cell is formed from a diploid cell via meiosis

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3
Q

What is fertilisation ?

A

when a spematozoon fertilises an oocyte

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4
Q

What is cleavage ?

A

the division of cells on an early embryo into parcels

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5
Q

When does human development begin ?

A

when a spermatazoon fertilises an oocyte

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6
Q

When does an embryo form ?

A

when the ovum begins to divide - from the 2 cell stage onwards

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7
Q

How long does it take to form a foetus ?

A

cells multiply from fertilisation over 8 weeks to form a foetus

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8
Q

What are the stages of embryonic and foetal development ?

A

pre embryonic period - from conception to week 2
embryonic period - from the 2nd to 8th week
foetal period - from 9 weeks to birth

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9
Q

What happens during the pre embryonic period ?

A

fertilised ovum undergoes mitosis
formation of the morula
appearance of the blastocysts
implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus

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10
Q

What happens in the embryonic period ?

A

germ layers and the placenta develop

main body systems form

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11
Q

What happens in the foetal period ?

A

further growth and development of organs

musculoskeletal system becomes functional

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12
Q

What are the layers the ovum is surrounded by ?

A

the corona radiata

the zona pellucida

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13
Q

What happens in fertilisation to these layers ?

A

spermatazoa penetrates the corona radiata and the zona pellucida - forming the oocyte

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14
Q

What mechanisms occur to prevent multiple fertilisations of the same ovum ?

A

there is an action potential across thee ovum membrane which has a prelonged depolarisation in which calcium enters initiating changes in the embryo

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15
Q

What changes does the action potential induce ?

A

activates the egg metabolically
restores the diploid number
allows sex determination
allows cleavage to begin

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16
Q

What happens in cleavage ?

A

there are rapid mitotic divisions resulting in a 16 cell embryo - the 2 cell stage is complete in 30 hours and the 4 cell stage is complete in 40 hours
the morula stage is at 3.5-4 days

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17
Q

What is each cell in the 16 cell embryo called ?

A

a blastomere

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18
Q

What is the morula ?

A

after each cleavage division the number of cells increases until a solid sphere forms called the morula

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19
Q

What happens in the morula stage ?

A

water enters the morula stage and after 4.5 days a blastocyst forms as the zona pellucida breaks down

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20
Q

What happens to the blastocyst in the morula stage ?

A

as water enters the morula stage the blastocyst is pushed to one side creating a cavity called the blastocoele

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21
Q

Describe the outer layer of the blastocyst ?

A

it thins to a single cell thickness to become the trophoblast
the trophoblasts forms the foetal component of the placenta

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22
Q

What is the central mass of cells called ?

A

the inner cell mass

this forms the actual embryo

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23
Q

Why is implantation needed ?

A

to survive

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24
Q

What does the embryo implant into ?

A

uterine stroma

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25
What makes connections with the uterine stroma ?
the trophoblast (outer cell mass)
26
What does the uterine stroma do ?
secretes enzymes which break down the ECM of epithelial cells allowing the embryo to sit in the uterus
27
When does the bilaminar embryo form ?
12 days
28
What does the trophoblast differentiate into
the inner part becomes a single layer called the cytotrophoblast and the outer layer is called the syncytiotrophoblast
29
What are the features of the syncytiotrophoblast ?
it is acellular and extensive
30
What does the inner cell mass differentiate into ?
epiblast and the hypoblast
31
How is the bilaminar embryonic disc formed ?
the epiblast and hypoblast are in contact with each other
32
What do the epiblast and the hypoblast form ?
upper and lower cavities
33
What is the upper cavity called ?
the amnion
34
What is the lower cavity called ?
primitive yolk sac
35
What are extra-embryonic coelon ?
clefts that appear between the exocoelonic membrane and the cytotrophoblast
36
What is gastrualtion ?
the process by which the bilaminar disc differentiates into 3 further germ layers
37
What does the epiblast become ?
ectoderm
38
What does the hypoblast become ?
endoderm
39
How does mesoderm arise ?
ectodermal cells arise and migrate toward the primitive streak and spread out laterally from it
40
How is the primitive streak formed ?
a groove like depression forms in the bilaminar disc | at the cephalic end it is known as the primitive knot or hensens node
41
How is the notochord formed ?
cells from the primitive node migrate cranially
42
What does the notochord underlie ?
the neural tube
43
What is neuralation ?
the process by which the brain and spinal chord (CNS) are formed from the ectoderm.
44
How is the neural tube formed ?
the cranial end of the primitive streak deepens to form the neural groove which forms the neural tube
45
How are the neural crests formed ?
laterally from the neural grooves
46
What happens at the end of the neuralation ?
the epidermis fromes form the ectoderm
47
Which structures are neural tube derived ?
the CNS
48
Which structures are neural crest derived ?
``` PNS connective tissue bones of the skull part of the teeth part of the meninges ```
49
What are the parts of the mesoderm ?
Paraxial - closest to the midline lateral plate intermediate
50
What are the 2 types of mesoderm ?
,mesoderm of the head | mesoderm of the trunk
51
What does the mesoderm of the trunk differentiate into ?
paraxial intermediate lateral plate
52
What does the mesoderm of the trunk differentiate into ?
paraxial and lateral plate
53
What does the paraxial mesoderm of trunk mesoderm divide into ?
differentiation in a craniocaudal direction to form somites
54
What does the paraxial mesoderm of the head mesoderm divide into ?
somitomeres
55
What do the somites differentiate into ?
dermamyotome and the scleretome
56
What does the mesoderm of the trunk form ?
dermis muscle kidney vertebral column
57
What does dermis of the head form ?
from the neural crest component - facial skeleton and connective tissue form the mesoderm- demris and muscles of the head
58
What is the main derivative of the endoderm and how does this come about ?
GI tract | transverse and cephalocaudal folding
59
Why does cephalocaudal folding occur ?
as a result of rapid enlargement of the neural tube at the cranial end - causes the neural tube to turn into the forebrain , midbrain , hindbrain and the spinal chord narrows the primitive yolk sac
60
Why does transverse folding occur ?
rapid enlargement of somites
61
What are the pharyngeal arches ?
they are swellings that are numbered 1 2 3 4 and 6 in roman numerals in a craniocaudal sequence
62
What are the pharyngeal arches derived from ?
mesenchyme
63
What does each pharyngeal arch develop into ?
a cranial nerve aortic arch artery bar of cartilage muscle
64
What are the CN and muscular derivatives of the first pharyngeal arches ?
``` v2 and v3 v1 is a pretrematic branch muscles of mastication tensor veli palatini tensor tympani mylohyoid anterior belly of digastric ```
65
What are the CN and muscular derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch ?
``` facial nerve muscles of facial expression stylohyoid post belly of digastric stapedius ```
66
What are the CN and muscular derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch ?
Glossopharyngeal | stylopharyngeus
67
What are the CN and muscular derivatives of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch ?
vagus and the spinal accessory muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngeus) muscles of the soft palate (except tensor veli palatini) muscles of the larynx
68
What are the skeletal derivatives of the 1st PA ?
meckels cartilage malleus and incus maxillary and mandibular processes
69
What are the skeletal derivatives of the 2nd PA ?
reicherts bar styloid process lesser cornu and upper part of the body of the hyoid bone stapes
70
What are the skeletal derivatives of the 3rd PA ?
greater cornu of the hyoid bone | lower part of the body of the hyoid bone
71
What are the skeletal derivatives of the 4th PA ?
laryngeal cartilages
72
What are the pharyngeal pouches ?
they are formed by the endoderm between the pharyngeal arches
73
What are derivatives of the first pharyngeal pouch ?
tubotympanic recess tympanic cavity external auditory meatus
74
What are the derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch ?
palatine tonsil | tonsillar fossa
75
What are the derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch ?
thymus | inferior parathyroid glands
76
What are the derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal pouch ?
superior parathyroid glands | calcitonin cells of the thyroid glands
77
What are the 5 neural crest mesenchyme facial swellings ?
frontonasal prominence maxillary swellings x 2 mandibular swellings x 2
78
What are the nasal placodes ?
they appear on the frontonasal prominences | around them forms a median nasal swelling and a lateral nasal swelling
79
How is the philtrum formed ?
fusion of the median nasal swellings
80
How is the upper lip formed ?
maxillary prominences fuse with the lateral nasal swellings and then with the median nasal swellings
81
What separates the lateral nasal swellings and the maxillary swellings ?
nasolacrimal duct
82
What are the the derivatives of the frontonasal prominence ?
forehead nose philtrum primary palate
83
What are the derivatives of the maxillary prominences ?
``` maxilla zygoma lateral part of the upper lip part of the cheek secondary palate ```
84
What are the derivatives of the mandiblar prominences ?
Lower lip part of the cheek mandible
85
When does the tongue first appear ?
28 days
86
How does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue formed ?
fusion of 2 lateral lingual swellings and the tuberculum impar which is overgrown all derived from the first pharyngeal arch
87
How is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue formed ?
from the hypobrachial eminence | this is derived from the 3rd and 4th PA but the 2nd is overgrown
88
How are the epiglottis and the arytenoid swellings formed ?
from the 4th PA
89
Explain the pattern of sensory innervation of the tongue ?
the posterior third is formed from the 3rd and 4th PA therefore it has a glossopharyngeal innervation the anterior third is formed from the first PA which is a trigeminal innervation - lingual nerve of v3 and the pretrematic branch of the chorda tympani
90
Explain the pattern of motor innervation of the tongue ?
secondary migration of tongue muscle from the occipital somites to the tongue bring the hypoglossal with it
91
Where is the primary palate derived from ?
the intermaxillary segment
92
Where is the secondary palate derived from ?
from the palatal shelves of the maxillary prominences
93
Explain how the palate is formed ?
palatal shelves initially grow downwards and then rapidly elevate they fuse then fuse with the primary palate
94
What are primary defects of palatine closure ?
they occur anterior to the incisive fossa
95
What are secondary defects of palatine closure ?
they occur posterior to the incisive fossa

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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