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BDS Stage 1 > Anatomy theme 7 > Flashcards

Anatomy theme 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of animal development ?

A 
Gametogenesis 
fertilisation 
cleavage 
gastrulation 
organogenesis 
growth 
birth 
juvenile phase 
maturity 
senescence and death
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2
Q

What is gametogenesis ?

A

the process by which a haploid cell is formed from a diploid cell via meiosis

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3
Q

What is fertilisation ?

A

when a spematozoon fertilises an oocyte

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4
Q

What is cleavage ?

A

the division of cells on an early embryo into parcels

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5
Q

When does human development begin ?

A

when a spermatazoon fertilises an oocyte

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6
Q

When does an embryo form ?

A

when the ovum begins to divide - from the 2 cell stage onwards

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7
Q

How long does it take to form a foetus ?

A

cells multiply from fertilisation over 8 weeks to form a foetus

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8
Q

What are the stages of embryonic and foetal development ?

A

pre embryonic period - from conception to week 2
embryonic period - from the 2nd to 8th week
foetal period - from 9 weeks to birth

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9
Q

What happens during the pre embryonic period ?

A

fertilised ovum undergoes mitosis
formation of the morula
appearance of the blastocysts
implantation of the blastocyst into the uterus

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10
Q

What happens in the embryonic period ?

A

germ layers and the placenta develop

main body systems form

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11
Q

What happens in the foetal period ?

A

further growth and development of organs

musculoskeletal system becomes functional

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12
Q

What are the layers the ovum is surrounded by ?

A

the corona radiata

the zona pellucida

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13
Q

What happens in fertilisation to these layers ?

A

spermatazoa penetrates the corona radiata and the zona pellucida - forming the oocyte

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14
Q

What mechanisms occur to prevent multiple fertilisations of the same ovum ?

A

there is an action potential across thee ovum membrane which has a prelonged depolarisation in which calcium enters initiating changes in the embryo

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15
Q

What changes does the action potential induce ?

A

activates the egg metabolically
restores the diploid number
allows sex determination
allows cleavage to begin

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16
Q

What happens in cleavage ?

A

there are rapid mitotic divisions resulting in a 16 cell embryo - the 2 cell stage is complete in 30 hours and the 4 cell stage is complete in 40 hours
the morula stage is at 3.5-4 days

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17
Q

What is each cell in the 16 cell embryo called ?

A

a blastomere

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18
Q

What is the morula ?

A

after each cleavage division the number of cells increases until a solid sphere forms called the morula

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19
Q

What happens in the morula stage ?

A

water enters the morula stage and after 4.5 days a blastocyst forms as the zona pellucida breaks down

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20
Q

What happens to the blastocyst in the morula stage ?

A

as water enters the morula stage the blastocyst is pushed to one side creating a cavity called the blastocoele

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21
Q

Describe the outer layer of the blastocyst ?

A

it thins to a single cell thickness to become the trophoblast
the trophoblasts forms the foetal component of the placenta

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22
Q

What is the central mass of cells called ?

A

the inner cell mass

this forms the actual embryo

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23
Q

Why is implantation needed ?

A

to survive

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24
Q

What does the embryo implant into ?

A

uterine stroma

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25
Q

What makes connections with the uterine stroma ?

A

the trophoblast (outer cell mass)

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26
Q

What does the uterine stroma do ?

A

secretes enzymes which break down the ECM of epithelial cells allowing the embryo to sit in the uterus

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27
Q

When does the bilaminar embryo form ?

A

12 days

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28
Q

What does the trophoblast differentiate into

A

the inner part becomes a single layer called the cytotrophoblast and the outer layer is called the syncytiotrophoblast

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29
Q

What are the features of the syncytiotrophoblast ?

A

it is acellular and extensive

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30
Q

What does the inner cell mass differentiate into ?

A

epiblast and the hypoblast

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31
Q

How is the bilaminar embryonic disc formed ?

A

the epiblast and hypoblast are in contact with each other

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32
Q

What do the epiblast and the hypoblast form ?

A

upper and lower cavities

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33
Q

What is the upper cavity called ?

A

the amnion

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34
Q

What is the lower cavity called ?

A

primitive yolk sac

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35
Q

What are extra-embryonic coelon ?

A

clefts that appear between the exocoelonic membrane and the cytotrophoblast

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36
Q

What is gastrualtion ?

A

the process by which the bilaminar disc differentiates into 3 further germ layers

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37
Q

What does the epiblast become ?

A

ectoderm

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38
Q

What does the hypoblast become ?

A

endoderm

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39
Q

How does mesoderm arise ?

A

ectodermal cells arise and migrate toward the primitive streak and spread out laterally from it

40
Q

How is the primitive streak formed ?

A

a groove like depression forms in the bilaminar disc

at the cephalic end it is known as the primitive knot or hensens node

41
Q

How is the notochord formed ?

A

cells from the primitive node migrate cranially

42
Q

What does the notochord underlie ?

A

the neural tube

43
Q

What is neuralation ?

A

the process by which the brain and spinal chord (CNS) are formed from the ectoderm.

44
Q

How is the neural tube formed ?

A

the cranial end of the primitive streak deepens to form the neural groove which forms the neural tube

45
Q

How are the neural crests formed ?

A

laterally from the neural grooves

46
Q

What happens at the end of the neuralation ?

A

the epidermis fromes form the ectoderm

47
Q

Which structures are neural tube derived ?

A

the CNS

48
Q

Which structures are neural crest derived ?

A 
PNS 
connective tissue 
bones  of the skull 
part of the teeth 
part of the meninges
49
Q

What are the parts of the mesoderm ?

A

Paraxial - closest to the midline
lateral plate
intermediate

50
Q

What are the 2 types of mesoderm ?

A

,mesoderm of the head

mesoderm of the trunk

51
Q

What does the mesoderm of the trunk differentiate into ?

A

paraxial
intermediate
lateral plate

52
Q

What does the mesoderm of the trunk differentiate into ?

A

paraxial and lateral plate

53
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm of trunk mesoderm divide into ?

A

differentiation in a craniocaudal direction to form somites

54
Q

What does the paraxial mesoderm of the head mesoderm divide into ?

A

somitomeres

55
Q

What do the somites differentiate into ?

A

dermamyotome and the scleretome

56
Q

What does the mesoderm of the trunk form ?

A

dermis
muscle
kidney
vertebral column

57
Q

What does dermis of the head form ?

A

from the neural crest component - facial skeleton and connective tissue
form the mesoderm- demris and muscles of the head

58
Q

What is the main derivative of the endoderm and how does this come about ?

A

GI tract

transverse and cephalocaudal folding

59
Q

Why does cephalocaudal folding occur ?

A

as a result of rapid enlargement of the neural tube at the cranial end - causes the neural tube to turn into the forebrain , midbrain , hindbrain and the spinal chord
narrows the primitive yolk sac

60
Q

Why does transverse folding occur ?

A

rapid enlargement of somites

61
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches ?

A

they are swellings that are numbered 1 2 3 4 and 6 in roman numerals in a craniocaudal sequence

62
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches derived from ?

A

mesenchyme

63
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch develop into ?

A

a cranial nerve
aortic arch artery
bar of cartilage
muscle

64
Q

What are the CN and muscular derivatives of the first pharyngeal arches ?

A 
v2 and v3 
v1 is a pretrematic branch
muscles of mastication 
tensor veli palatini 
tensor tympani 
mylohyoid 
anterior belly of digastric
65
Q

What are the CN and muscular derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch ?

A 
facial nerve 
muscles of facial expression 
stylohyoid 
post belly of digastric 
stapedius
66
Q

What are the CN and muscular derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch ?

A

Glossopharyngeal

stylopharyngeus

67
Q

What are the CN and muscular derivatives of the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch ?

A

vagus and the spinal accessory
muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngeus)
muscles of the soft palate (except tensor veli palatini)
muscles of the larynx

68
Q

What are the skeletal derivatives of the 1st PA ?

A

meckels cartilage
malleus and incus
maxillary and mandibular processes

69
Q

What are the skeletal derivatives of the 2nd PA ?

A

reicherts bar
styloid process
lesser cornu and upper part of the body of the hyoid bone
stapes

70
Q

What are the skeletal derivatives of the 3rd PA ?

A

greater cornu of the hyoid bone

lower part of the body of the hyoid bone

71
Q

What are the skeletal derivatives of the 4th PA ?

A

laryngeal cartilages

72
Q

What are the pharyngeal pouches ?

A

they are formed by the endoderm between the pharyngeal arches

73
Q

What are derivatives of the first pharyngeal pouch ?

A

tubotympanic recess
tympanic cavity
external auditory meatus

74
Q

What are the derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch ?

A

palatine tonsil

tonsillar fossa

75
Q

What are the derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch ?

A

thymus

inferior parathyroid glands

76
Q

What are the derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal pouch ?

A

superior parathyroid glands

calcitonin cells of the thyroid glands

77
Q

What are the 5 neural crest mesenchyme facial swellings ?

A

frontonasal prominence
maxillary swellings x 2
mandibular swellings x 2

78
Q

What are the nasal placodes ?

A

they appear on the frontonasal prominences

around them forms a median nasal swelling and a lateral nasal swelling

79
Q

How is the philtrum formed ?

A

fusion of the median nasal swellings

80
Q

How is the upper lip formed ?

A

maxillary prominences fuse with the lateral nasal swellings and then with the median nasal swellings

81
Q

What separates the lateral nasal swellings and the maxillary swellings ?

A

nasolacrimal duct

82
Q

What are the the derivatives of the frontonasal prominence ?

A

forehead
nose
philtrum
primary palate

83
Q

What are the derivatives of the maxillary prominences ?

A 
maxilla 
zygoma 
lateral part of the upper lip 
part of the cheek
secondary palate
84
Q

What are the derivatives of the mandiblar prominences ?

A

Lower lip
part of the cheek
mandible

85
Q

When does the tongue first appear ?

A

28 days

86
Q

How does the anterior 2/3 of the tongue formed ?

A

fusion of 2 lateral lingual swellings and the tuberculum impar which is overgrown
all derived from the first pharyngeal arch

87
Q

How is the posterior 1/3 of the tongue formed ?

A

from the hypobrachial eminence

this is derived from the 3rd and 4th PA but the 2nd is overgrown

88
Q

How are the epiglottis and the arytenoid swellings formed ?

A

from the 4th PA

89
Q

Explain the pattern of sensory innervation of the tongue ?

A

the posterior third is formed from the 3rd and 4th PA therefore it has a glossopharyngeal innervation
the anterior third is formed from the first PA which is a trigeminal innervation - lingual nerve of v3 and the pretrematic branch of the chorda tympani

90
Q

Explain the pattern of motor innervation of the tongue ?

A

secondary migration of tongue muscle from the occipital somites to the tongue bring the hypoglossal with it

91
Q

Where is the primary palate derived from ?

A

the intermaxillary segment

92
Q

Where is the secondary palate derived from ?

A

from the palatal shelves of the maxillary prominences

93
Q

Explain how the palate is formed ?

A

palatal shelves initially grow downwards and then rapidly elevate
they fuse then fuse with the primary palate

94
Q

What are primary defects of palatine closure ?

A

they occur anterior to the incisive fossa

95
Q

What are secondary defects of palatine closure ?

A

they occur posterior to the incisive fossa

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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