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BDS Stage 1 > Introduction to dentistry > Flashcards

Introduction to dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the crown covered in ?

A

enamel

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2
Q

What is the root covered in ?

A

cementum

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3
Q

Where do the crown and root join ?

A

cervical margin - cementoenamel junction

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4
Q

What does the cementum cover ?

A

the dentine of each root

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5
Q

What does the root canal end in ?

A

apical foramen

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6
Q

What is the anatomical crown ?

A

between the crown and the cervical margin

it is constant throughout life

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7
Q

What is the clinical crown ?

A

part of the anatomical crown above the gingival amrin

it can change over time due to gingival recession

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8
Q

What joins the root to the alveolar bone ?

A

the PDL

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9
Q

What are canines also known as ?

A

cuspids

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10
Q

What are the types of dentition ?

A

primary dentition
permanent dentition
mixed dentition

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11
Q

How many teeth are in the primary dentition ?

A

20
8 incisors
4 canines
8 molars

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12
Q

What is unique about the teeth in the primary dentition ?

A

there are no pre molars

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13
Q

How many teeth are in the permanent dentition ?

A 
32 teeth 
8 incisors 
4 canines 
8 premolars 
12 molars
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14
Q

When does the permanent dentition usually complete eruption ?

A

18-25 yrs

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15
Q

What does the mesial side mean ?

A

the side closest to the median sagittal plane

closer to the front

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16
Q

What does the distal side mean ?

A

the side furthest away from the median sagittal plane

the side furthest from the front

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17
Q

What does the palatal side mean ?

A

the side facing the hard palate - in upper teeth

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18
Q

What does the lingual side mean ?

A

the side facing the tongue of all the mandibular teeth

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19
Q

What does cervical mean ?

A

the part of the tooth next to the gingival margin

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20
Q

What does over jet mean ?

A

the amount of horizontal overlap between the maxillary central incisors and the mandibular central incisors

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21
Q

What does over bite mean ?

A

the amount of vertical overlap between the maxillary central incisors and the mandibular central incisors

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22
Q

What are the features of enamel ?

A

perikymata
linear enamel hypoplasia
mamelons

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23
Q

What are perikymata ?

A

outward aspect of internal growth increments
transverse waves
grooves and lines on external surface of tooth
can be lost due to tooth wear

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24
Q

What is linear enamel hypoplasia ?

A

disruption to enamel formation means deep rooves form on the surface of the tooth
can be due to poor nutrition or a stressful event during tooth development

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25
Q

What are mamelons ?

A

elevations in the cutting edge of newly emerged anterior teeth
they can wear off

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26
Q

How does the mixed dentition arise ?

A

the dual process of replacement of the primary teeth and the eruption of the permenanat molars

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27
Q

When does the mixed dentition usually occur ?

A

6-12 years

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28
Q

What is post natal growth ?

A

the period of growth from 0-18 years

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29
Q

What happens between 0-6 years ?

A

rapid growth
appearance and completion of the primary dentition
at 6 months then completion at 2.25 years

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30
Q

What happens between 6-12 years ?

A

shedding of the primary teeth and the replacement by the permanent teeth

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31
Q

When does the first permanent molar erupt ?

A

6 years

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32
Q

When does the second permanent molar arise ?

A

12 years

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33
Q

Eruption of the permanent molar teeth does not require what ?/

A

shedding of primary molars

primary molars become pre molars

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34
Q

What happens between the ages of 12-18 years old ?

A

little growth

expansion of the jaw to include the third permanent molar

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35
Q

What is the general tooth eruption sequence ?

A

incisors
pre molars
molars

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36
Q

Do mandibular or maxillary teeth erupt first ?

A

mandibular

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37
Q

do anterior or posterior teeth erupt first ?

A

anterior

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38
Q

What is the range of duration of the primary dentition ?

A

6 months to 6 years

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39
Q

How do the primary incisors erupt ?

A

lower central
lower lateral
upper central
upper lateral

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40
Q

How do the permanent incisors arise ?

A

lower central
lower later
upper central
upper lateral

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41
Q

How do the permanent pre molars erupt ?

A

lower first
upper first
lower second
upper second

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42
Q

What are the stages of root formation ?

A

calcification
crown completion
root bifurcation
root completion

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43
Q

What is calcification ?

A

the first evidence of mineral content and the first radiographic appearance of the clinical crown

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44
Q

What is crown completion ?

A

Halfway between calcification and eruption

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45
Q

What is root birfucation ?

A

the first calcification of the birfucation of lower permanent roots

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46
Q

How does the palmer - zsigmondy tooth notation work ?

A

4 quadrants
primary teeth - A-E
adult teeth - 1-8

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47
Q

What is a disadvantage of using the palmer notation ?

A

opposing teeth have the same depiction

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48
Q

How are the teeth charted ?

A

upper right to the upper left to lower left to lower right

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49
Q

How does FDI notation work ?

A 
the quadrant forms the first number then the tooth number 
adult quadrants - 1-4 clockwise 
primary quadrants - 5-8 clockwise 
adult teeth - 1-8 
primary teeth - 1-5
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50
Q

Note an upper left primary molar ?

A

6,4

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51
Q

Which cells secrete enamel ?

A

ameloblasts

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52
Q

How does enamel secretion occur ?

A

each ameloblast secretes one enamel prism
the ameloblast then dies
enamel cannot be replaced once lost

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53
Q

How do the enamel prisms grow ?

A

they grow from the EDJ to the crown surface

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54
Q

What is dentine made of ?

A

S shaped tubules

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55
Q

Which cells secrete dentine ?

A

the odontoblasts

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56
Q

How do the odontoblasts secrete dentine ?

A

They secrete the enamel and move down towards the pulp chamber makin the pulp chamber smaller

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57
Q

How cand dentine be classified ?

A

pre dentine
primary
secondary
tertiary

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58
Q

What is the plulp ?

A

made of fibrous connective tissue

blod vessels and nerves

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59
Q

What cells does the pulp contain ?

A

odontoblasts
fibroblasts
defence cells

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60
Q

Where exactly are the odontoblasts ?

A

they line the pulp chamber

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61
Q

What is cementum ?

A

it covers the root

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62
Q

what is acellular cementum ?

A

it covers the root

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63
Q

What is cellular cementum ?

A

it covers around the apex of the tooth

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64
Q

Does cementum grow through life ?

A

it grows slowly and accumulates through life

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65
Q

Where do enamel and cementum meet ?

A

At the cemento enamel junction

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66
Q

What is the apical foramen ?

A

opening of the apex at the root of the tooth through which nerves and blood vessels supply the pulp pass

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67
Q

What does the apical fo represent ?

A

the junction between the pulp and the periodontal tissue

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68
Q

What is the hardness of cementum relative to dentine ?

A

cementum is softer than enamel but harder than bone

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69
Q

What are occlusal fissures ?

A

they are gaps in the occlusal surfaces of teeth

they are frequent areas of caries

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70
Q

What is pre dentine ?

A

a newly formed band of dentine that is unmineralised

paler than normal dentine

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71
Q

What is primary dentine ?

A

dentine until the completion of the root

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72
Q

What is secondary dentine ?

A

dentine that begins after root formation it reduces the size of the pulp chamber and the root canal

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73
Q

What is tertiary dentine ?

A

it is produced in response to external stimuli it is protective

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74
Q

Which stimuli is tertiary dentine produced in response to ?

A

attrition
caries
cavity protection

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75
Q

What is tertiary reactionary dentine ?

A

weak stimuli/injury

old odontoblasts function in dentine absorption

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76
Q

What is tertiary repairative dentine ?

A

Newly recruited odontoblasts deposit dentine

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77
Q

What are pulp stones ?

A

Calcified masses in the pulp chamber

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78
Q

What are the 4 main tissues of the periodontium ?

A

gingiva
cementum
alveolar bone
PDL

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79
Q

What is the function of the periodontium ?

A

PDL

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80
Q

what are sharpeys fibres ?

A

they are a ,atrix of connective tissue consisitin of type 1 collagen fibres and are associated with arterioles and nervs

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81
Q

What are the size of the pockets in moderate periodontal disease ?

A

4-5.5 mm

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82
Q

What are the size of pockets in severe periodontal disease ?

A

over 6 mm

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83
Q

What are the 3 parts of the gingiva ?

A

attached
free
junctional epithelium

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84
Q

What is the free gingiva ?

A

movable

extends from the gingival margin to the gingival sulcus

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85
Q

How does the free gingiva appear ?

A

light pink

keratinised

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86
Q

What does the attached gingiva do ?

A

it is attached to the underlying bone

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87
Q

What does the junctional epithelium do ?

A

attaches gingiva to enamel

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88
Q

How are the collagen fibres in the PDL arranged ?

A

in sharpeys fibres which are the temrinal ends of principal fibres that prevent the tooth intruding into the PDL in mastication

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89
Q

Why does the PDL have a high neurovascular supply ?

A

quick repair and sensory repsonse

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90
Q

What is cementum ?

A

a mineralIsed connective tissue that attaches to the other side of the fibres in the PDL

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91
Q

What is the alveolar bone ?

A

it is resorbed by osteoclasts if there is not stimulus from fucntional teeth

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92
Q

What is the lamina dura ?

A

when the bone is seen radiographically

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93
Q

What does the alveolar bone provide ?

A

An attachment surface for the sharpeys fibres that perforate from the PDl

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94
Q

What is the alveolar bundle bone ?

A

if the bone consists of fibres

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95
Q

What is the normal bone ?

A

Without fibres

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96
Q

What does gingivitis affect ?

A

Gingiva only

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97
Q

Is periodontitis reversible ?

A

no

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98
Q

What are the features of periodontitis ?

A

pocket formation - can allow plaque to accumulate
gingival recession
tooth mobility
vertical bony defects

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99
Q

What are the 2 types of plaque ?

A

subgingival - in gingival sulcus

supragingival - on the clinical crown

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100
Q

How is plaque a biofilm ?

A

different types of bacteria associated on a surface with the ECM - lipis , carbs and polysaccharides

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101
Q

What causes the minor tissue destruction in periodontitis ?

A

products of plaque bacteria

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102
Q

What causes the major tissue destruction in periodontitis ?

A

Host immune response

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103
Q

What are risk factors for periodontitis ?

A 
restorations 
genetics 
medication 
stress 
smoking 
diabetes
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104
Q

What is metastasis ?

A

uncontrollable cell division that invades other tissues

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105
Q

What is a carcinoma ?

A

cancer that begins in the skin/lining or organs

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106
Q

What is a sarcoma ?

A

originates in the bone , cartilage , fat and blood vessels

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107
Q

What is leukaemia ?

A

blood formin tissue

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108
Q

What is lymphoma ?

A

cells of the immune system

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109
Q

Malignancies of the oral cavity are usually what ?

A

90% primary squamous cell carcinoma

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110
Q

What does oral cancer look like ?

A

Red and white patches
ulcers
cauliflower lamps

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111
Q

What are risk factors for oral cancer ?

A

Betel liquid use
tobacco
HPV
fruit and veg deficient diet

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112
Q

What is the root length of the first maxillary tooth ?

A

23.5 mm

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113
Q

What is the root length of the second maxillary tooth ?

A

22.5 mm

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114
Q

What is the root length of the third maxillary tooth ?

A

26.5 mm

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115
Q

What is the root length of maxillary teeth 4-7 ?

A

21 mm

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116
Q

What is the root length of the first mandibular tooth ?

A

21 mm

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117
Q

What is the root length of the second mandibular tooth ?

A

21 mm

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118
Q

What is the root length of the third mandibular tooth ?

A

23.5 mm

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119
Q

What is the root length of the mandibular teeth 4-7 ?

A

21 mm

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120
Q

How many canals and fo does the 4th maxillary tooth have ?

A

2 canals and 2 fo

75%

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121
Q

How many canals does the 5th maxillary tooth have ?

A

75% 1 canal an 1 fo

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122
Q

How many canals do the 6th and 7th maxillary teeth ?

A

4 canals

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123
Q

How many canals and fo do mandibular first and second teeth have ?

A

2 canals

2 foramen

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124
Q

How many canals does the 4th and 5th mandibular tooth have ?

A

2 canals

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125
Q

How many canals does the 6th and 7th mandibular teeth have ?

A

4 canals

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126
Q

what is a fissure sealant

A

An agent used to occlude the pits and fissures in enamel to prevent dental caries

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127
Q

which fissure sealant would be first choice (gold standard)

A

Bis-GMA- unfilled resin

  • opaque or clear
  • Autopolymerizing or Photo-initiated (light cured)
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128
Q

which fissure sealant would be used for a compliance issue or partially erupted tooth

A

Glass ionomer cements

  • Self cure
  • Resin modified light cured
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129
Q

why is moisture control important

A

Salivary contamination affects bond strength and therefore retention of the sealant.

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130
Q

what is the procedure for a fissure sealant

A 
Prophylaxis 
Isolation/saliva control 
Etch(15s)  with acid 
Wash(15s)
Isolation/saliva control 
Dry 
Apply resin -1/3 cusp height 
Cure (20s) 
Check for adequacy
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131
Q

what is the Isolation and moisture control equipment

A

 Cotton wool rolls
 Salivary ejector
 Dry tips

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132
Q

what is the equip to apply the resin

A

Pear shaped burnisher

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133
Q

what is the equip to Cure

A

light and shield

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134
Q

what are the faults in the fissure sealant

A 
completely debonded 
not fully extended
not set
air bubble 
too little material used 
too much material used
135
Q

When do primary incisors erupt ?

A

6-9 months

136
Q

When do 1st primary molars erupt ?

A

1-1.3 years

137
Q

When do 2nd primary molars erupt ?

A

1.75-2 years

138
Q

When do primary canines erupt ?

A

1.5 years

139
Q

When do primary teeth calcify ?

A

4-6 months in utero

140
Q

When do primary teeth complete their roots ?

A

1-1.5 years after eruption

141
Q

When do permanent incisors erupt ?

A

6-9 years

142
Q

When do upper permanent canines erupt

A

10-11.5 years

143
Q

When do lower permanent canines erupt ?

A

9.25-10.5 years

144
Q

When do permanent premolars erupt ?

A

10-12 years

145
Q

When do permanent incisors calcify ?

A

3-5 months

146
Q

When do permanent lower canines calcify ?

A

6.5 months

147
Q

When do permanent upper canines calcify ?

A

9 month

148
Q

When do permanent premolars calcify ?

A

1.85-2.65 years

149
Q

When do permanent first molars calcify ?

A

just before bith

150
Q

When do permanent second molars calcify ?

A

3 years

151
Q

When do permanent 3rd molars calcify ?

A

8 years

152
Q

What bin does amalgam waste go in ?

A

white

153
Q

What bin does cytotoxic and cytostatic waste go in ?

A

purple

154
Q

What bin does anatomical waste go in ?

A

red bin

155
Q

What bin does clinical waste go in which requires incareceration ?

A

yellow

156
Q

What bin does medicinal waste go in ?

A

blue

157
Q

What bin does domestic waste go in ?

A

black

158
Q

What bin does mixed recyclable waste go in ?

A

green

159
Q

What is the method for hand washing ?

A 
palm to palm 
between fingers 
back of hands and fingerwebs 
back of fingers 
thumbs 
finger tips 
wrists
160
Q

In a histological tooth preparation where can you find the ameloblasts ?

A

outside the enamel

161
Q

Where can you find the odontoblasts relative to the dentine and the pulp ?

A

dentine is above the odontoblasts that line the pulp chamber

162
Q

What is the main organic component of dentine ?

A

collagen fibrils

163
Q

What shape is the profile of the EDJ

A

Scalloped

164
Q

What is the origin of ameloblasts ?

A

epithelial n origin

165
Q

What is the origin of odontoblasts ?

A

mesenchymal in origin

166
Q

What is the name given to dentinal tubules that have become occluded with calcified material ?

A

sclerotic dentine

167
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts ?

A

they secrete collagen and help form and maintain the pulp matrix

168
Q

Is cementum avascular ?

A

yes

169
Q

What is the order of hardness of dental tissue ?

A

enamel>dentine>cementum>bone

170
Q

How does the skin heal in a suture ?

A 
initially acute inflammatory response 
fibrinogen converted to fibrin. 
WBCs migrate to the wound 
Epithelial cells multiply from margins and grow over the wound 
collagen 
scar tissue
171
Q

What factors affect wound healing ?

A

site of the wound
timing of the treatment
infection
systemic factors like age

172
Q

What are the 2 types of healing ?

A

Primary intention

Secondary intention

173
Q

How can you repair cuts in the skin ?

A

Do nothing
Adhesive paper strips
Sutures
Tissue glue

174
Q

What are the 2 main types of sutures ?

A

Resorbable

Non resorbable

175
Q

Which material is sued in the mouth and why ?

A

vicryl

resorbable

176
Q

What are examples of non resorbable sutures ?

A

silk

ethilion

177
Q

What are the 3 instruments found in the suture kit ?

A

needle holder
toothed forceps
fine suturing scissors

178
Q

What are the 4 suture techniques ?

A

Single interrupted
Horizontal amtress
vertical mattress
Continuous

179
Q

What i dental caries ?

A

bacterial diseases of calcified tissues of the teeth

destruction of organic substance

180
Q

What is the acidogenic theory ?

A

plaque microorganisms are left on asusceptible tooth surface with a substrate

181
Q

What are the microorganisms usually found in plaque ?

A

straptococcus mutans

they form a plaque and then feed on the substrates and produce an acid that demineralises the enamel

182
Q

What are the 2 ways of calssifying caries ?

A

site- crown/root, mesial, distal etc

rate- chronic and rampant

183
Q

What are intrisic factors that affect the onset of caries ?

A

tooth morphology

enamel composition

184
Q

What are extrinsic factors affecting the onset of dental caries ?

A

diet
plaque control
saliva flow as saliva contains protective factors

185
Q

What are the characteristics of saliva ?

A

viscosity
buffering ability
proteins that affect the saliva and the build up of plaque

186
Q

What is the importance of fluorude ?

A

fluoride can maek enamel crystals bigger and therefore the enamel is less likely to be dimineralised

187
Q

What is the relvance of white spots ?

A

they occur pre-cavitation
reversible
turn into cavities once the ADJ is reached

188
Q

What are the frequent sites of attack ?

A

Occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars
Buccal and lingual pits
Palatal pits of maxillary central incisors
Approximal surface - points of contact between adjacent teeth

189
Q

What can expose teeth and allow caries to develop ?

A

Periodontal disease
gingival recession
partial dentures
restoration

190
Q

What type of sugars does dental caries occur in response to ?

A

dietary free sugars

191
Q

What are dietary free sugars ?

A

monosaccharides
disaccarides
added to foods by the manufacturer
sugars naturally present in foods

192
Q

What plays an imporant role in caries prevention ?

A

saliva- contains protective factors

fluoride- enlarges the enamel crystals

193
Q

What are the pillars of caries prevention ?

A

diet analysis and advice
fluoride varnish
plaque control
fissure sealing

194
Q

What is the resin that can be used in fissure sealants ?

A

bis-GMA

195
Q

In the case of a partially erupted tooth what can be used alternatively ?

A

glass ionomer cements

196
Q

What is vital when carrying out fissure sealants ?

A

moisture control

salivary contamination affects the bond strength and therefore retention

197
Q

What are the steps of carrying out fissure sealants ?

A 
isolation 
etch and wait 
wash and wait 
dry 
apply resin 
cure
198
Q

How do you apply the fissure sealant ?

A

using a pear shaped burnisher to apply the resin to one third of the cusp height that doesn’t extend across the marginal ridge

199
Q

What does the dentine-pulp complex consist of ?

A

pulp tissue
odontoblasts
dentine
odontoblasts line teh pulp chamber and connect the dentine and the pulp- odontoblasts are usually the first cells to be affected

200
Q

What are examples of insults to a tooth ?

A

dental caries
trauma
periodontal diseases

201
Q

What does tertiary reactionary dentine use ?

A

original odontoblasts

202
Q

What does tertiary repairative dentine use ?

A

new odontoblasts

203
Q

What are pulp stones ?

A

calcified masses that can be in the root or the crown of the tooth
can lead to extreme pain if they infringe on the nerves

204
Q

how does pulp death occur ?

A

the dentine cannot expand
therefore the pulp cannot expand in resposne to stimuli during vasodilation
lead to increase in intrapulpal pressure
blood flow is decreased and pulp is irritated leading to excess destruction

205
Q

What can pulpitits lead to ?

A

peri-apical periodontitis

206
Q

Cementum , enamel and dentine are ?

A

avascualr

207
Q

90% of dentine is what ?

A

type I collagen fibres

208
Q

What can be found in histological sections between the pulp chamber and the odontoblasts ?

A

free zone of weil
an area rich in capillaries and nerves
cell free zone

209
Q

Where can predentine be found ?

A

between the odontoblasts and the dentine

210
Q

In histological slides what shape is the crown ?

A

convex-enamel not visible as the slide is demineralised

211
Q

What is the mineralsing front ?

A

a visible black line that outlines the border between the prednetine and the dentine

212
Q

What is the shape of the EDJ ?

A

scalloping- allows for ameloblasts to make more enamel prisms - strengthen the enamel for msatication

213
Q

Where is the neonatal line ?

A

in dentine and enamel of primary teeth and permanent molars

214
Q

What is the neonatal line the border between ?

A

between the prenatal enamel created during gestation and postnatal enamel

215
Q

What are the differences between prenatal enamel and postnatal enamel ?

A

prenatal enamel is structurally regular and highly calcified and postnatal enamel is less regular and less calcified

216
Q

When is the first growth period ?

A

0-6 years

217
Q

When is the appearance and the completion of the primary dentition ?

A

appears at 6 months and completes at 2.25 years

218
Q

When is the second growth period ?

A

6-12 years

219
Q

What happens in the second growth period ?

A

shedding and replacement o f the rpimary teeth

appearance of the first and second molars at 6 and 12 yrs

220
Q

When is the 3rd growth period ?

A

12-18 years

221
Q

What happens in the 3rd growth period ?

A

expansion of the jaws to include the third molars

222
Q

Which teeth erupt the latest ?

A

upper canines

223
Q

What is the first phase of tooth eruption ?

A

phase 1
6 1 2
up to 9 years

224
Q

What is the second phase of tooth eruption ?

A

phase 2
3 4 5 7
up to 13 years

225
Q

What is the third phase of tooth eruption ?

A

8

17-21 years

226
Q

What are the stages of tooth formation ?

A

calcification
crown completion
root bifurcation
root completion

227
Q

When is crown completion ?

A

halfway between calcification and eruption

228
Q

When is the crown completion of upper lateral incisors ?

A

4.5 years

229
Q

What is root bitfurcation ?

A

the first calcification of the bifurcation of lower permanent roots

230
Q

When do lower 1st molars bifurcate ?

A

4.5

231
Q

When do lower 2nd molars bifurcate ?

A

8.5

232
Q

What is the mineral content of enamel ?

A

95%

233
Q

Which tissue has the highest organic matrix ?

A

bone

234
Q

Which tissue has the highest amount of water ?

A

bone

235
Q

What is the mineral content of dentine ?

A

70%

236
Q

What is the mineral content of cementum ?

A

61%

237
Q

is enamel brittle ?

A

yes

238
Q

Is enamel dead or living ?

A

living

239
Q

Which tissue is sensitive ?

A

dentine

240
Q

What is enamel made of ?

A

calcium hydroxyapatite

241
Q

What does decussation mean ?

A

enamel prisms have inter connecting structures

undulating regularity

242
Q

Where is predentine located ?

A

between the odontoblasts and dentine

243
Q

What is pulp tissue made of ?

A 
fibrous connective tissue 
odontoblasts
fibroblasts
defence vells 
undifferentiatd cells
244
Q

Why do pulp stones form ?

A

injury

pulp becomes less vascularised with age

245
Q

What protects healthy gingiva from mastication ?

A

keratin

246
Q

Why cant enamel be seen in a histological sample ?

A

enamel is 95% mineral

dissolves aweay

247
Q

What is the function of the PDL ?

A

resist mastication and not extraction

248
Q

What is the PDL made of ?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

249
Q

What are the collagen bundles arranged as ?

A

sharpeys fibres

250
Q

What are the features of the PDL ?

A

high rate of cell turnover
rich vascular supply
rich innervation- sensory and pain perception

251
Q

What happens to alveolar bone if there is no stimuli ?

A

resorbed by osteoclasts

252
Q

What is the alveolar bone made of ?

A

bundle bone and supporting bone
bundle bone has fibres
supporting bone doesnt

253
Q

Where is the cell free zone ?

A

an area rich in capillary and nerve networks

between pulp and odontoblasts

254
Q

Where is the predentine ?

A

between the odontoblasts and dentine

255
Q

What are the functions of teeth ?

A

mastication
appearance
speech

256
Q

What are the cells formed called that form enamel ?

A

ameloblasts

257
Q

What is the process of enamel formation called ?

A

amelogenesis

258
Q

What is the main organic component of dentine ?

A

collagen fibrils

259
Q

What shape is the profile of the EDJ ?

A

scalloped

260
Q

What is predentine ?

A

between odontoblasts and old dentine- unmineralised and lighter

261
Q

What is the name of dentinal tubules that have become occluded with calcified material /

A

sclerotic dentine

262
Q

What are the functions of fibroblasts ?

A

form and maintain the pulp matrix

263
Q

What type of collagn is in pulp ?

A

type I collagen

264
Q

Is cementum avascular ?

A

yes

265
Q

What shape is the crown in histological sections ?

A

convex shape

266
Q

What is the mineralising front ?

A

black line between pre dentine and dentine

267
Q

Why is the EDJ scalloping ?

A

allow ameloblasts to make more enamel - make the crown stronger relative to the small EDJ

268
Q

Where is the neonatal line ?

A

forms in both dentine and enamel of primary teeth and permanent molars

269
Q

What are the differences between prenatal and postnatal enamel ?

A

preenamle is strucuturally regular and highly calcified

postnatal enamel is less calcified

270
Q

Why does the neonatal line form ?

A

changes in the configuration of enamel prisms

271
Q

Give 5 of the dental standards ?

A 
Put patients first
communicate effectively with patients 
obtain valid consent
maintain and protect patients information
raise concerns if patients are at risk
272
Q

How does skin heal ?

A

fibronogen converted to fibrin
WBCs migrate to the site of the wound , capilalries and lymphatics penetrate forming granulation tissue
epithelial cells multiply across margins

273
Q

What are the factors that affect wound healing ?

A 
site of the wound 
timing of treatment 
nature of treatment 
infection 
systemic factors
274
Q

What are the 2 forms of healing ?

A

primary and secondary intention

275
Q

What are the methods of repairing skin ?

A 
adhesive paper strips 
tissue 
glue 
staples 
clips 
sutures
276
Q

What is an example of a resorbable suture ?

A

vicryl

277
Q

What is an example of a non resorbable suture ?

A

silk

ethilion

278
Q

What is cancer ?

A

abnromal cells divide and are able to invade other tissues

279
Q

What are the 4 types of cancer ?

A

sarcoma
lymphoma
leukaemia
carcinoma

280
Q

What is carcinoma ?

A

cancer that begins in the lining of organs or the skin

281
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

cancer that begins in the cartlage, fat and blood vessels

282
Q

What is leukaemia ?

A

cancer that begins in blood forming tissue

283
Q

What is lymphoma ?

A

cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system

284
Q

Malignancies of the oral cavity are mainly what ?

A

90% squamous cell carcinoma

285
Q

What are visible features of oral cancer ?

A

ulcer
red/white patch
cauliflower lump

286
Q

Oral cancer is which most common cancer in the world ?

A

6th

287
Q

How many cases are diagnosed per year ?

A

389000

288
Q

What are risk factors for oral cancer ?

A 
tobacco
excess consumption of alcohol 
betel quid 
fruit deficient diet 
HPV
289
Q

What are the survival rates for oral cancer ?

A

80-90% initially then 30%

290
Q

What is dental caries ?

A

loss of tooth substance from the action of microorganisms

demineralisation of the inorganic and destruction of the organic

291
Q

Whati s required in the acidogenic theory ?

A

plaque bacteria
susceptible tooth surface
substrate
time

292
Q

What are the rates of dental caries ?

A

chronic or rampant

arrested or rampant

293
Q

What are the intrinsic factors that influence caries ?

A

tooth morphology
tooth position
enamel structure and composition

294
Q

What are extrinsic factors affecting caries ?

A 
diet 
plaque control 
saliva flow 
critical pH 
fluoride
295
Q

What is the critical pH ?

A

less than pH 5.5

296
Q

What is a white spot lesion ?

A

subsurface
thin outer layer of enamel
may be reversed or remineralised

297
Q

When might restoration be required for a white spot lesion ?

A

when the ADJ is reahced and cavitation is reached

298
Q

Why might you get caries in the root surface ?

A

periodontal disease
gingival recession
partial denture

299
Q

Why might you get recurrent caries ?

A

beneath and around restorations

300
Q

What are characteristics of the initial lesion ?

A

subsurface

reversible

301
Q

Where does dental caries happen ?

A

in plaque covered areas exposed to dietary free sugars

302
Q

What is a fissure sealant ?

A

used to occlude the pits and fissures in enamel to prevent dental caries

303
Q

What is used in fissure sealants ?

A

Bis-GMA
can be opaueor clear
autopolymerising or light cured

304
Q

What is the resin used in an compliance issue or partially erputed tooth ?

A

glass ionomer cements

305
Q

What is the risk of salivary contamination in a fissure sealant ?

A

salivary contamiantion affects bond strength and retention of the sealant

306
Q

What is the equipment for moisture control ?

A

cotton wool rolls
saliva ejector
dry tips

307
Q

What is the routine in fissure sealant ?

A 
prophylaxis as required
saliva control
 etch
wash 
dry 
saliva control 
apply resin 
cure
308
Q

What do you use to apply rein to a fissure ?

A

pear shaped burnisher

one third of cusp height

309
Q

What odes the pulp dentine complex consist of ?

A

pulp tissue

oodntoblasts dentine

310
Q

What do odontoblasts have ?

A

a process around which dentinal tubules form

311
Q

Which cells encounter irritation first and why ?

A

odontoblasts

they link dentine to the pulpm

312
Q

What part of the pulp space shrinks with age ?

A

secondary dentine

313
Q

What is a dental insult ?

A

a challenge which has the potential to endanger the vitality of the tooth
dental caries, trauma, periodontal disease, tooth wear

314
Q

How should you prepare the tooth surface to diagnose dental caries ?

A

tooth should be clean and dry with good illumination

315
Q

How do the cavities present in caries ?

A

tactile leathery and sticky texture

316
Q

Why might trans illumination might be helpful ?

A

show shadowing of carious lesions

317
Q

What is tertiary reactionary dentine produced in response to ?

A

irritation like caries

involves new cells after odontoblast death

318
Q

What happens in pulp death ?

A

pulp is in a rigid chamber of dentine
ability to expand during vasodilation is limited
vasodialtion leads to increase in intrapulpal pressure
compression of blood vessels
blood flow is decreeased leading to pulpal damage

319
Q

What are the consequences of untreated pulpitis ?

A

infection
spread of infection
swelling
pain

320
Q

What are the steps in root canal treatment ?

A 
remove active disease
un roof the pulp chamber 
determine length of roots 
remove canal contents and clean 
use irrigants- sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine
321
Q

What is the root length of maxillary teeth ?

A

21 mm

except for 1,2 and 3- 23.5,22.5 and 26.5`

322
Q

What is the root length of mandibular teeth ?

A

all 21 mm except for mandibualr 3 which is 23.5

323
Q

How many canals and fo in maxillary 4 ?

A

2 canals and 2 fo

324
Q

How many canals and fo needed for maxillary 5 ?

A

1 canal and 1 fo

325
Q

How many canals and fo in maxillary 6 and 7 ?

A

4 canals

326
Q

How many canals and fo needed in mandibualr 1 and2 ?

A

2 canals and 2 fo

327
Q

How many canals ans do in mandibuakr 4 and 5 ?

A

2 canals

328
Q

How many canals and fo in mandibular 6 and 7 ?

A

4 canals

329
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts in the pulp ?

A

they secrete collagen and form the pulp matrix

330
Q

What is reactionary dentine ?

A

uses original odontoblasts in response to weak stimuli

331
Q

What is repairative dentine ?

A

uses new odontoblasts- stronger stmuli

332
Q

What is cementum ?

A

mineralised connective tissue

333
Q

What is the role of junctional epitherlium ?

A

attaches gingiva to enamel

334
Q

What are characteristics of the PDL ?

A

highly vascularised
high innervation - sensory and pain
high cell turnover

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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