Introduction to dentistry Flashcards
What is the crown covered in ?
enamel
What is the root covered in ?
cementum
Where do the crown and root join ?
cervical margin - cementoenamel junction
What does the cementum cover ?
the dentine of each root
What does the root canal end in ?
apical foramen
What is the anatomical crown ?
between the crown and the cervical margin
it is constant throughout life
What is the clinical crown ?
part of the anatomical crown above the gingival amrin
it can change over time due to gingival recession
What joins the root to the alveolar bone ?
the PDL
What are canines also known as ?
cuspids
What are the types of dentition ?
primary dentition
permanent dentition
mixed dentition
How many teeth are in the primary dentition ?
20
8 incisors
4 canines
8 molars
What is unique about the teeth in the primary dentition ?
there are no pre molars
How many teeth are in the permanent dentition ?
32 teeth 8 incisors 4 canines 8 premolars 12 molars
When does the permanent dentition usually complete eruption ?
18-25 yrs
What does the mesial side mean ?
the side closest to the median sagittal plane
closer to the front
What does the distal side mean ?
the side furthest away from the median sagittal plane
the side furthest from the front
What does the palatal side mean ?
the side facing the hard palate - in upper teeth
What does the lingual side mean ?
the side facing the tongue of all the mandibular teeth
What does cervical mean ?
the part of the tooth next to the gingival margin
What does over jet mean ?
the amount of horizontal overlap between the maxillary central incisors and the mandibular central incisors
What does over bite mean ?
the amount of vertical overlap between the maxillary central incisors and the mandibular central incisors
What are the features of enamel ?
perikymata
linear enamel hypoplasia
mamelons
What are perikymata ?
outward aspect of internal growth increments
transverse waves
grooves and lines on external surface of tooth
can be lost due to tooth wear
What is linear enamel hypoplasia ?
disruption to enamel formation means deep rooves form on the surface of the tooth
can be due to poor nutrition or a stressful event during tooth development
What are mamelons ?
elevations in the cutting edge of newly emerged anterior teeth
they can wear off
How does the mixed dentition arise ?
the dual process of replacement of the primary teeth and the eruption of the permenanat molars
When does the mixed dentition usually occur ?
6-12 years
What is post natal growth ?
the period of growth from 0-18 years
What happens between 0-6 years ?
rapid growth
appearance and completion of the primary dentition
at 6 months then completion at 2.25 years
What happens between 6-12 years ?
shedding of the primary teeth and the replacement by the permanent teeth
When does the first permanent molar erupt ?
6 years
When does the second permanent molar arise ?
12 years
Eruption of the permanent molar teeth does not require what ?/
shedding of primary molars
primary molars become pre molars
What happens between the ages of 12-18 years old ?
little growth
expansion of the jaw to include the third permanent molar
What is the general tooth eruption sequence ?
incisors
pre molars
molars
Do mandibular or maxillary teeth erupt first ?
mandibular
do anterior or posterior teeth erupt first ?
anterior
What is the range of duration of the primary dentition ?
6 months to 6 years
How do the primary incisors erupt ?
lower central
lower lateral
upper central
upper lateral
How do the permanent incisors arise ?
lower central
lower later
upper central
upper lateral
How do the permanent pre molars erupt ?
lower first
upper first
lower second
upper second
What are the stages of root formation ?
calcification
crown completion
root bifurcation
root completion
What is calcification ?
the first evidence of mineral content and the first radiographic appearance of the clinical crown
What is crown completion ?
Halfway between calcification and eruption
What is root birfucation ?
the first calcification of the birfucation of lower permanent roots
How does the palmer - zsigmondy tooth notation work ?
4 quadrants
primary teeth - A-E
adult teeth - 1-8
What is a disadvantage of using the palmer notation ?
opposing teeth have the same depiction
How are the teeth charted ?
upper right to the upper left to lower left to lower right
How does FDI notation work ?
the quadrant forms the first number then the tooth number adult quadrants - 1-4 clockwise primary quadrants - 5-8 clockwise adult teeth - 1-8 primary teeth - 1-5
Note an upper left primary molar ?
6,4
Which cells secrete enamel ?
ameloblasts
How does enamel secretion occur ?
each ameloblast secretes one enamel prism
the ameloblast then dies
enamel cannot be replaced once lost
How do the enamel prisms grow ?
they grow from the EDJ to the crown surface
What is dentine made of ?
S shaped tubules
Which cells secrete dentine ?
the odontoblasts
How do the odontoblasts secrete dentine ?
They secrete the enamel and move down towards the pulp chamber makin the pulp chamber smaller
How cand dentine be classified ?
pre dentine
primary
secondary
tertiary
What is the plulp ?
made of fibrous connective tissue
blod vessels and nerves
What cells does the pulp contain ?
odontoblasts
fibroblasts
defence cells
Where exactly are the odontoblasts ?
they line the pulp chamber
What is cementum ?
it covers the root
what is acellular cementum ?
it covers the root
What is cellular cementum ?
it covers around the apex of the tooth
Does cementum grow through life ?
it grows slowly and accumulates through life
Where do enamel and cementum meet ?
At the cemento enamel junction
What is the apical foramen ?
opening of the apex at the root of the tooth through which nerves and blood vessels supply the pulp pass
What does the apical fo represent ?
the junction between the pulp and the periodontal tissue
What is the hardness of cementum relative to dentine ?
cementum is softer than enamel but harder than bone
What are occlusal fissures ?
they are gaps in the occlusal surfaces of teeth
they are frequent areas of caries
What is pre dentine ?
a newly formed band of dentine that is unmineralised
paler than normal dentine
What is primary dentine ?
dentine until the completion of the root
What is secondary dentine ?
dentine that begins after root formation it reduces the size of the pulp chamber and the root canal
What is tertiary dentine ?
it is produced in response to external stimuli it is protective
Which stimuli is tertiary dentine produced in response to ?
attrition
caries
cavity protection
What is tertiary reactionary dentine ?
weak stimuli/injury
old odontoblasts function in dentine absorption
What is tertiary repairative dentine ?
Newly recruited odontoblasts deposit dentine
What are pulp stones ?
Calcified masses in the pulp chamber
What are the 4 main tissues of the periodontium ?
gingiva
cementum
alveolar bone
PDL
What is the function of the periodontium ?
PDL
what are sharpeys fibres ?
they are a ,atrix of connective tissue consisitin of type 1 collagen fibres and are associated with arterioles and nervs
What are the size of the pockets in moderate periodontal disease ?
4-5.5 mm
What are the size of pockets in severe periodontal disease ?
over 6 mm
What are the 3 parts of the gingiva ?
attached
free
junctional epithelium
What is the free gingiva ?
movable
extends from the gingival margin to the gingival sulcus
How does the free gingiva appear ?
light pink
keratinised
What does the attached gingiva do ?
it is attached to the underlying bone
What does the junctional epithelium do ?
attaches gingiva to enamel
How are the collagen fibres in the PDL arranged ?
in sharpeys fibres which are the temrinal ends of principal fibres that prevent the tooth intruding into the PDL in mastication
Why does the PDL have a high neurovascular supply ?
quick repair and sensory repsonse
What is cementum ?
a mineralIsed connective tissue that attaches to the other side of the fibres in the PDL
What is the alveolar bone ?
it is resorbed by osteoclasts if there is not stimulus from fucntional teeth
What is the lamina dura ?
when the bone is seen radiographically
What does the alveolar bone provide ?
An attachment surface for the sharpeys fibres that perforate from the PDl
What is the alveolar bundle bone ?
if the bone consists of fibres
What is the normal bone ?
Without fibres
What does gingivitis affect ?
Gingiva only
Is periodontitis reversible ?
no
What are the features of periodontitis ?
pocket formation - can allow plaque to accumulate
gingival recession
tooth mobility
vertical bony defects
What are the 2 types of plaque ?
subgingival - in gingival sulcus
supragingival - on the clinical crown
How is plaque a biofilm ?
different types of bacteria associated on a surface with the ECM - lipis , carbs and polysaccharides
What causes the minor tissue destruction in periodontitis ?
products of plaque bacteria
What causes the major tissue destruction in periodontitis ?
Host immune response
What are risk factors for periodontitis ?
restorations genetics medication stress smoking diabetes
What is metastasis ?
uncontrollable cell division that invades other tissues
What is a carcinoma ?
cancer that begins in the skin/lining or organs
What is a sarcoma ?
originates in the bone , cartilage , fat and blood vessels
What is leukaemia ?
blood formin tissue
What is lymphoma ?
cells of the immune system
Malignancies of the oral cavity are usually what ?
90% primary squamous cell carcinoma
What does oral cancer look like ?
Red and white patches
ulcers
cauliflower lamps
What are risk factors for oral cancer ?
Betel liquid use
tobacco
HPV
fruit and veg deficient diet
What is the root length of the first maxillary tooth ?
23.5 mm
What is the root length of the second maxillary tooth ?
22.5 mm
What is the root length of the third maxillary tooth ?
26.5 mm
What is the root length of maxillary teeth 4-7 ?
21 mm
What is the root length of the first mandibular tooth ?
21 mm
What is the root length of the second mandibular tooth ?
21 mm
What is the root length of the third mandibular tooth ?
23.5 mm
What is the root length of the mandibular teeth 4-7 ?
21 mm
How many canals and fo does the 4th maxillary tooth have ?
2 canals and 2 fo
75%
How many canals does the 5th maxillary tooth have ?
75% 1 canal an 1 fo
How many canals do the 6th and 7th maxillary teeth ?
4 canals
How many canals and fo do mandibular first and second teeth have ?
2 canals
2 foramen
How many canals does the 4th and 5th mandibular tooth have ?
2 canals
How many canals does the 6th and 7th mandibular teeth have ?
4 canals
what is a fissure sealant
An agent used to occlude the pits and fissures in enamel to prevent dental caries
which fissure sealant would be first choice (gold standard)
Bis-GMA- unfilled resin
- opaque or clear
- Autopolymerizing or Photo-initiated (light cured)
which fissure sealant would be used for a compliance issue or partially erupted tooth
Glass ionomer cements
- Self cure
- Resin modified light cured
why is moisture control important
Salivary contamination affects bond strength and therefore retention of the sealant.
what is the procedure for a fissure sealant
Prophylaxis Isolation/saliva control Etch(15s) with acid Wash(15s) Isolation/saliva control Dry Apply resin -1/3 cusp height Cure (20s) Check for adequacy
what is the Isolation and moisture control equipment
Cotton wool rolls
Salivary ejector
Dry tips
what is the equip to apply the resin
Pear shaped burnisher
what is the equip to Cure
light and shield
what are the faults in the fissure sealant
completely debonded not fully extended not set air bubble too little material used too much material used
When do primary incisors erupt ?
6-9 months
When do 1st primary molars erupt ?
1-1.3 years
When do 2nd primary molars erupt ?
1.75-2 years
When do primary canines erupt ?
1.5 years
When do primary teeth calcify ?
4-6 months in utero
When do primary teeth complete their roots ?
1-1.5 years after eruption
When do permanent incisors erupt ?
6-9 years
When do upper permanent canines erupt
10-11.5 years
When do lower permanent canines erupt ?
9.25-10.5 years
When do permanent premolars erupt ?
10-12 years
When do permanent incisors calcify ?
3-5 months
When do permanent lower canines calcify ?
6.5 months
When do permanent upper canines calcify ?
9 month
When do permanent premolars calcify ?
1.85-2.65 years
When do permanent first molars calcify ?
just before bith
When do permanent second molars calcify ?
3 years
When do permanent 3rd molars calcify ?
8 years
What bin does amalgam waste go in ?
white
What bin does cytotoxic and cytostatic waste go in ?
purple
What bin does anatomical waste go in ?
red bin
What bin does clinical waste go in which requires incareceration ?
yellow
What bin does medicinal waste go in ?
blue
What bin does domestic waste go in ?
black
What bin does mixed recyclable waste go in ?
green
What is the method for hand washing ?
palm to palm between fingers back of hands and fingerwebs back of fingers thumbs finger tips wrists
In a histological tooth preparation where can you find the ameloblasts ?
outside the enamel
Where can you find the odontoblasts relative to the dentine and the pulp ?
dentine is above the odontoblasts that line the pulp chamber
What is the main organic component of dentine ?
collagen fibrils
What shape is the profile of the EDJ
Scalloped
What is the origin of ameloblasts ?
epithelial n origin
What is the origin of odontoblasts ?
mesenchymal in origin
What is the name given to dentinal tubules that have become occluded with calcified material ?
sclerotic dentine
What is the function of fibroblasts ?
they secrete collagen and help form and maintain the pulp matrix
Is cementum avascular ?
yes
What is the order of hardness of dental tissue ?
enamel>dentine>cementum>bone
How does the skin heal in a suture ?
initially acute inflammatory response fibrinogen converted to fibrin. WBCs migrate to the wound Epithelial cells multiply from margins and grow over the wound collagen scar tissue
What factors affect wound healing ?
site of the wound
timing of the treatment
infection
systemic factors like age
What are the 2 types of healing ?
Primary intention
Secondary intention
How can you repair cuts in the skin ?
Do nothing
Adhesive paper strips
Sutures
Tissue glue
What are the 2 main types of sutures ?
Resorbable
Non resorbable
Which material is sued in the mouth and why ?
vicryl
resorbable
What are examples of non resorbable sutures ?
silk
ethilion
What are the 3 instruments found in the suture kit ?
needle holder
toothed forceps
fine suturing scissors
What are the 4 suture techniques ?
Single interrupted
Horizontal amtress
vertical mattress
Continuous
What i dental caries ?
bacterial diseases of calcified tissues of the teeth
destruction of organic substance
What is the acidogenic theory ?
plaque microorganisms are left on asusceptible tooth surface with a substrate
What are the microorganisms usually found in plaque ?
straptococcus mutans
they form a plaque and then feed on the substrates and produce an acid that demineralises the enamel
What are the 2 ways of calssifying caries ?
site- crown/root, mesial, distal etc
rate- chronic and rampant
What are intrisic factors that affect the onset of caries ?
tooth morphology
enamel composition
What are extrinsic factors affecting the onset of dental caries ?
diet
plaque control
saliva flow as saliva contains protective factors
What are the characteristics of saliva ?
viscosity
buffering ability
proteins that affect the saliva and the build up of plaque
What is the importance of fluorude ?
fluoride can maek enamel crystals bigger and therefore the enamel is less likely to be dimineralised
What is the relvance of white spots ?
they occur pre-cavitation
reversible
turn into cavities once the ADJ is reached
What are the frequent sites of attack ?
Occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars
Buccal and lingual pits
Palatal pits of maxillary central incisors
Approximal surface - points of contact between adjacent teeth
What can expose teeth and allow caries to develop ?
Periodontal disease
gingival recession
partial dentures
restoration
What type of sugars does dental caries occur in response to ?
dietary free sugars
What are dietary free sugars ?
monosaccharides
disaccarides
added to foods by the manufacturer
sugars naturally present in foods
What plays an imporant role in caries prevention ?
saliva- contains protective factors
fluoride- enlarges the enamel crystals
What are the pillars of caries prevention ?
diet analysis and advice
fluoride varnish
plaque control
fissure sealing
What is the resin that can be used in fissure sealants ?
bis-GMA
In the case of a partially erupted tooth what can be used alternatively ?
glass ionomer cements
What is vital when carrying out fissure sealants ?
moisture control
salivary contamination affects the bond strength and therefore retention
What are the steps of carrying out fissure sealants ?
isolation etch and wait wash and wait dry apply resin cure
How do you apply the fissure sealant ?
using a pear shaped burnisher to apply the resin to one third of the cusp height that doesn’t extend across the marginal ridge
What does the dentine-pulp complex consist of ?
pulp tissue
odontoblasts
dentine
odontoblasts line teh pulp chamber and connect the dentine and the pulp- odontoblasts are usually the first cells to be affected
What are examples of insults to a tooth ?
dental caries
trauma
periodontal diseases
What does tertiary reactionary dentine use ?
original odontoblasts
What does tertiary repairative dentine use ?
new odontoblasts
What are pulp stones ?
calcified masses that can be in the root or the crown of the tooth
can lead to extreme pain if they infringe on the nerves
how does pulp death occur ?
the dentine cannot expand
therefore the pulp cannot expand in resposne to stimuli during vasodilation
lead to increase in intrapulpal pressure
blood flow is decreased and pulp is irritated leading to excess destruction
What can pulpitits lead to ?
peri-apical periodontitis
Cementum , enamel and dentine are ?
avascualr
90% of dentine is what ?
type I collagen fibres
What can be found in histological sections between the pulp chamber and the odontoblasts ?
free zone of weil
an area rich in capillaries and nerves
cell free zone
Where can predentine be found ?
between the odontoblasts and the dentine
In histological slides what shape is the crown ?
convex-enamel not visible as the slide is demineralised
What is the mineralsing front ?
a visible black line that outlines the border between the prednetine and the dentine
What is the shape of the EDJ ?
scalloping- allows for ameloblasts to make more enamel prisms - strengthen the enamel for msatication
Where is the neonatal line ?
in dentine and enamel of primary teeth and permanent molars
What is the neonatal line the border between ?
between the prenatal enamel created during gestation and postnatal enamel
What are the differences between prenatal enamel and postnatal enamel ?
prenatal enamel is structurally regular and highly calcified and postnatal enamel is less regular and less calcified
When is the first growth period ?
0-6 years
When is the appearance and the completion of the primary dentition ?
appears at 6 months and completes at 2.25 years
When is the second growth period ?
6-12 years
What happens in the second growth period ?
shedding and replacement o f the rpimary teeth
appearance of the first and second molars at 6 and 12 yrs
When is the 3rd growth period ?
12-18 years
What happens in the 3rd growth period ?
expansion of the jaws to include the third molars
Which teeth erupt the latest ?
upper canines
What is the first phase of tooth eruption ?
phase 1
6 1 2
up to 9 years
What is the second phase of tooth eruption ?
phase 2
3 4 5 7
up to 13 years
What is the third phase of tooth eruption ?
8
17-21 years
What are the stages of tooth formation ?
calcification
crown completion
root bifurcation
root completion
When is crown completion ?
halfway between calcification and eruption
When is the crown completion of upper lateral incisors ?
4.5 years
What is root bitfurcation ?
the first calcification of the bifurcation of lower permanent roots
When do lower 1st molars bifurcate ?
4.5
When do lower 2nd molars bifurcate ?
8.5
What is the mineral content of enamel ?
95%
Which tissue has the highest organic matrix ?
bone
Which tissue has the highest amount of water ?
bone
What is the mineral content of dentine ?
70%
What is the mineral content of cementum ?
61%
is enamel brittle ?
yes
Is enamel dead or living ?
living
Which tissue is sensitive ?
dentine
What is enamel made of ?
calcium hydroxyapatite
What does decussation mean ?
enamel prisms have inter connecting structures
undulating regularity
Where is predentine located ?
between the odontoblasts and dentine
What is pulp tissue made of ?
fibrous connective tissue odontoblasts fibroblasts defence vells undifferentiatd cells
Why do pulp stones form ?
injury
pulp becomes less vascularised with age
What protects healthy gingiva from mastication ?
keratin
Why cant enamel be seen in a histological sample ?
enamel is 95% mineral
dissolves aweay
What is the function of the PDL ?
resist mastication and not extraction
What is the PDL made of ?
dense fibrous connective tissue
What are the collagen bundles arranged as ?
sharpeys fibres
What are the features of the PDL ?
high rate of cell turnover
rich vascular supply
rich innervation- sensory and pain perception
What happens to alveolar bone if there is no stimuli ?
resorbed by osteoclasts
What is the alveolar bone made of ?
bundle bone and supporting bone
bundle bone has fibres
supporting bone doesnt
Where is the cell free zone ?
an area rich in capillary and nerve networks
between pulp and odontoblasts
Where is the predentine ?
between the odontoblasts and dentine
What are the functions of teeth ?
mastication
appearance
speech
What are the cells formed called that form enamel ?
ameloblasts
What is the process of enamel formation called ?
amelogenesis
What is the main organic component of dentine ?
collagen fibrils
What shape is the profile of the EDJ ?
scalloped
What is predentine ?
between odontoblasts and old dentine- unmineralised and lighter
What is the name of dentinal tubules that have become occluded with calcified material /
sclerotic dentine
What are the functions of fibroblasts ?
form and maintain the pulp matrix
What type of collagn is in pulp ?
type I collagen
Is cementum avascular ?
yes
What shape is the crown in histological sections ?
convex shape
What is the mineralising front ?
black line between pre dentine and dentine
Why is the EDJ scalloping ?
allow ameloblasts to make more enamel - make the crown stronger relative to the small EDJ
Where is the neonatal line ?
forms in both dentine and enamel of primary teeth and permanent molars
What are the differences between prenatal and postnatal enamel ?
preenamle is strucuturally regular and highly calcified
postnatal enamel is less calcified
Why does the neonatal line form ?
changes in the configuration of enamel prisms
Give 5 of the dental standards ?
Put patients first communicate effectively with patients obtain valid consent maintain and protect patients information raise concerns if patients are at risk
How does skin heal ?
fibronogen converted to fibrin
WBCs migrate to the site of the wound , capilalries and lymphatics penetrate forming granulation tissue
epithelial cells multiply across margins
What are the factors that affect wound healing ?
site of the wound timing of treatment nature of treatment infection systemic factors
What are the 2 forms of healing ?
primary and secondary intention
What are the methods of repairing skin ?
adhesive paper strips tissue glue staples clips sutures
What is an example of a resorbable suture ?
vicryl
What is an example of a non resorbable suture ?
silk
ethilion
What is cancer ?
abnromal cells divide and are able to invade other tissues
What are the 4 types of cancer ?
sarcoma
lymphoma
leukaemia
carcinoma
What is carcinoma ?
cancer that begins in the lining of organs or the skin
What is sarcoma?
cancer that begins in the cartlage, fat and blood vessels
What is leukaemia ?
cancer that begins in blood forming tissue
What is lymphoma ?
cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system
Malignancies of the oral cavity are mainly what ?
90% squamous cell carcinoma
What are visible features of oral cancer ?
ulcer
red/white patch
cauliflower lump
Oral cancer is which most common cancer in the world ?
6th
How many cases are diagnosed per year ?
389000
What are risk factors for oral cancer ?
tobacco excess consumption of alcohol betel quid fruit deficient diet HPV
What are the survival rates for oral cancer ?
80-90% initially then 30%
What is dental caries ?
loss of tooth substance from the action of microorganisms
demineralisation of the inorganic and destruction of the organic
Whati s required in the acidogenic theory ?
plaque bacteria
susceptible tooth surface
substrate
time
What are the rates of dental caries ?
chronic or rampant
arrested or rampant
What are the intrinsic factors that influence caries ?
tooth morphology
tooth position
enamel structure and composition
What are extrinsic factors affecting caries ?
diet plaque control saliva flow critical pH fluoride
What is the critical pH ?
less than pH 5.5
What is a white spot lesion ?
subsurface
thin outer layer of enamel
may be reversed or remineralised
When might restoration be required for a white spot lesion ?
when the ADJ is reahced and cavitation is reached
Why might you get caries in the root surface ?
periodontal disease
gingival recession
partial denture
Why might you get recurrent caries ?
beneath and around restorations
What are characteristics of the initial lesion ?
subsurface
reversible
Where does dental caries happen ?
in plaque covered areas exposed to dietary free sugars
What is a fissure sealant ?
used to occlude the pits and fissures in enamel to prevent dental caries
What is used in fissure sealants ?
Bis-GMA
can be opaueor clear
autopolymerising or light cured
What is the resin used in an compliance issue or partially erputed tooth ?
glass ionomer cements
What is the risk of salivary contamination in a fissure sealant ?
salivary contamiantion affects bond strength and retention of the sealant
What is the equipment for moisture control ?
cotton wool rolls
saliva ejector
dry tips
What is the routine in fissure sealant ?
prophylaxis as required saliva control etch wash dry saliva control apply resin cure
What do you use to apply rein to a fissure ?
pear shaped burnisher
one third of cusp height
What odes the pulp dentine complex consist of ?
pulp tissue
oodntoblasts dentine
What do odontoblasts have ?
a process around which dentinal tubules form
Which cells encounter irritation first and why ?
odontoblasts
they link dentine to the pulpm
What part of the pulp space shrinks with age ?
secondary dentine
What is a dental insult ?
a challenge which has the potential to endanger the vitality of the tooth
dental caries, trauma, periodontal disease, tooth wear
How should you prepare the tooth surface to diagnose dental caries ?
tooth should be clean and dry with good illumination
How do the cavities present in caries ?
tactile leathery and sticky texture
Why might trans illumination might be helpful ?
show shadowing of carious lesions
What is tertiary reactionary dentine produced in response to ?
irritation like caries
involves new cells after odontoblast death
What happens in pulp death ?
pulp is in a rigid chamber of dentine
ability to expand during vasodilation is limited
vasodialtion leads to increase in intrapulpal pressure
compression of blood vessels
blood flow is decreeased leading to pulpal damage
What are the consequences of untreated pulpitis ?
infection
spread of infection
swelling
pain
What are the steps in root canal treatment ?
remove active disease un roof the pulp chamber determine length of roots remove canal contents and clean use irrigants- sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine
What is the root length of maxillary teeth ?
21 mm
except for 1,2 and 3- 23.5,22.5 and 26.5`
What is the root length of mandibular teeth ?
all 21 mm except for mandibualr 3 which is 23.5
How many canals and fo in maxillary 4 ?
2 canals and 2 fo
How many canals and fo needed for maxillary 5 ?
1 canal and 1 fo
How many canals and fo in maxillary 6 and 7 ?
4 canals
How many canals and fo needed in mandibualr 1 and2 ?
2 canals and 2 fo
How many canals ans do in mandibuakr 4 and 5 ?
2 canals
How many canals and fo in mandibular 6 and 7 ?
4 canals
What is the role of fibroblasts in the pulp ?
they secrete collagen and form the pulp matrix
What is reactionary dentine ?
uses original odontoblasts in response to weak stimuli
What is repairative dentine ?
uses new odontoblasts- stronger stmuli
What is cementum ?
mineralised connective tissue
What is the role of junctional epitherlium ?
attaches gingiva to enamel
What are characteristics of the PDL ?
highly vascularised
high innervation - sensory and pain
high cell turnover
