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BDS Stage 1 > Introduction to dentistry > Flashcards

Introduction to dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the crown covered in ?

A

enamel

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2
Q

What is the root covered in ?

A

cementum

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3
Q

Where do the crown and root join ?

A

cervical margin - cementoenamel junction

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4
Q

What does the cementum cover ?

A

the dentine of each root

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5
Q

What does the root canal end in ?

A

apical foramen

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6
Q

What is the anatomical crown ?

A

between the crown and the cervical margin

it is constant throughout life

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7
Q

What is the clinical crown ?

A

part of the anatomical crown above the gingival amrin

it can change over time due to gingival recession

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8
Q

What joins the root to the alveolar bone ?

A

the PDL

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9
Q

What are canines also known as ?

A

cuspids

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10
Q

What are the types of dentition ?

A

primary dentition
permanent dentition
mixed dentition

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11
Q

How many teeth are in the primary dentition ?

A

20
8 incisors
4 canines
8 molars

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12
Q

What is unique about the teeth in the primary dentition ?

A

there are no pre molars

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13
Q

How many teeth are in the permanent dentition ?

A 
32 teeth 
8 incisors 
4 canines 
8 premolars 
12 molars
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14
Q

When does the permanent dentition usually complete eruption ?

A

18-25 yrs

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15
Q

What does the mesial side mean ?

A

the side closest to the median sagittal plane

closer to the front

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16
Q

What does the distal side mean ?

A

the side furthest away from the median sagittal plane

the side furthest from the front

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17
Q

What does the palatal side mean ?

A

the side facing the hard palate - in upper teeth

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18
Q

What does the lingual side mean ?

A

the side facing the tongue of all the mandibular teeth

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19
Q

What does cervical mean ?

A

the part of the tooth next to the gingival margin

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20
Q

What does over jet mean ?

A

the amount of horizontal overlap between the maxillary central incisors and the mandibular central incisors

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21
Q

What does over bite mean ?

A

the amount of vertical overlap between the maxillary central incisors and the mandibular central incisors

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22
Q

What are the features of enamel ?

A

perikymata
linear enamel hypoplasia
mamelons

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23
Q

What are perikymata ?

A

outward aspect of internal growth increments
transverse waves
grooves and lines on external surface of tooth
can be lost due to tooth wear

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24
Q

What is linear enamel hypoplasia ?

A

disruption to enamel formation means deep rooves form on the surface of the tooth
can be due to poor nutrition or a stressful event during tooth development

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25
What are mamelons ?
elevations in the cutting edge of newly emerged anterior teeth they can wear off
26
How does the mixed dentition arise ?
the dual process of replacement of the primary teeth and the eruption of the permenanat molars
27
When does the mixed dentition usually occur ?
6-12 years
28
What is post natal growth ?
the period of growth from 0-18 years
29
What happens between 0-6 years ?
rapid growth appearance and completion of the primary dentition at 6 months then completion at 2.25 years
30
What happens between 6-12 years ?
shedding of the primary teeth and the replacement by the permanent teeth
31
When does the first permanent molar erupt ?
6 years
32
When does the second permanent molar arise ?
12 years
33
Eruption of the permanent molar teeth does not require what ?/
shedding of primary molars | primary molars become pre molars
34
What happens between the ages of 12-18 years old ?
little growth | expansion of the jaw to include the third permanent molar
35
What is the general tooth eruption sequence ?
incisors pre molars molars
36
Do mandibular or maxillary teeth erupt first ?
mandibular
37
do anterior or posterior teeth erupt first ?
anterior
38
What is the range of duration of the primary dentition ?
6 months to 6 years
39
How do the primary incisors erupt ?
lower central lower lateral upper central upper lateral
40
How do the permanent incisors arise ?
lower central lower later upper central upper lateral
41
How do the permanent pre molars erupt ?
lower first upper first lower second upper second
42
What are the stages of root formation ?
calcification crown completion root bifurcation root completion
43
What is calcification ?
the first evidence of mineral content and the first radiographic appearance of the clinical crown
44
What is crown completion ?
Halfway between calcification and eruption
45
What is root birfucation ?
the first calcification of the birfucation of lower permanent roots
46
How does the palmer - zsigmondy tooth notation work ?
4 quadrants primary teeth - A-E adult teeth - 1-8
47
What is a disadvantage of using the palmer notation ?
opposing teeth have the same depiction
48
How are the teeth charted ?
upper right to the upper left to lower left to lower right
49
How does FDI notation work ?
``` the quadrant forms the first number then the tooth number adult quadrants - 1-4 clockwise primary quadrants - 5-8 clockwise adult teeth - 1-8 primary teeth - 1-5 ```
50
Note an upper left primary molar ?
6,4
51
Which cells secrete enamel ?
ameloblasts
52
How does enamel secretion occur ?
each ameloblast secretes one enamel prism the ameloblast then dies enamel cannot be replaced once lost
53
How do the enamel prisms grow ?
they grow from the EDJ to the crown surface
54
What is dentine made of ?
S shaped tubules
55
Which cells secrete dentine ?
the odontoblasts
56
How do the odontoblasts secrete dentine ?
They secrete the enamel and move down towards the pulp chamber makin the pulp chamber smaller
57
How cand dentine be classified ?
pre dentine primary secondary tertiary
58
What is the plulp ?
made of fibrous connective tissue | blod vessels and nerves
59
What cells does the pulp contain ?
odontoblasts fibroblasts defence cells
60
Where exactly are the odontoblasts ?
they line the pulp chamber
61
What is cementum ?
it covers the root
62
what is acellular cementum ?
it covers the root
63
What is cellular cementum ?
it covers around the apex of the tooth
64
Does cementum grow through life ?
it grows slowly and accumulates through life
65
Where do enamel and cementum meet ?
At the cemento enamel junction
66
What is the apical foramen ?
opening of the apex at the root of the tooth through which nerves and blood vessels supply the pulp pass
67
What does the apical fo represent ?
the junction between the pulp and the periodontal tissue
68
What is the hardness of cementum relative to dentine ?
cementum is softer than enamel but harder than bone
69
What are occlusal fissures ?
they are gaps in the occlusal surfaces of teeth | they are frequent areas of caries
70
What is pre dentine ?
a newly formed band of dentine that is unmineralised | paler than normal dentine
71
What is primary dentine ?
dentine until the completion of the root
72
What is secondary dentine ?
dentine that begins after root formation it reduces the size of the pulp chamber and the root canal
73
What is tertiary dentine ?
it is produced in response to external stimuli it is protective
74
Which stimuli is tertiary dentine produced in response to ?
attrition caries cavity protection
75
What is tertiary reactionary dentine ?
weak stimuli/injury | old odontoblasts function in dentine absorption
76
What is tertiary repairative dentine ?
Newly recruited odontoblasts deposit dentine
77
What are pulp stones ?
Calcified masses in the pulp chamber
78
What are the 4 main tissues of the periodontium ?
gingiva cementum alveolar bone PDL
79
What is the function of the periodontium ?
PDL
80
what are sharpeys fibres ?
they are a ,atrix of connective tissue consisitin of type 1 collagen fibres and are associated with arterioles and nervs
81
What are the size of the pockets in moderate periodontal disease ?
4-5.5 mm
82
What are the size of pockets in severe periodontal disease ?
over 6 mm
83
What are the 3 parts of the gingiva ?
attached free junctional epithelium
84
What is the free gingiva ?
movable | extends from the gingival margin to the gingival sulcus
85
How does the free gingiva appear ?
light pink | keratinised
86
What does the attached gingiva do ?
it is attached to the underlying bone
87
What does the junctional epithelium do ?
attaches gingiva to enamel
88
How are the collagen fibres in the PDL arranged ?
in sharpeys fibres which are the temrinal ends of principal fibres that prevent the tooth intruding into the PDL in mastication
89
Why does the PDL have a high neurovascular supply ?
quick repair and sensory repsonse
90
What is cementum ?
a mineralIsed connective tissue that attaches to the other side of the fibres in the PDL
91
What is the alveolar bone ?
it is resorbed by osteoclasts if there is not stimulus from fucntional teeth
92
What is the lamina dura ?
when the bone is seen radiographically
93
What does the alveolar bone provide ?
An attachment surface for the sharpeys fibres that perforate from the PDl
94
What is the alveolar bundle bone ?
if the bone consists of fibres
95
What is the normal bone ?
Without fibres
96
What does gingivitis affect ?
Gingiva only
97
Is periodontitis reversible ?
no
98
What are the features of periodontitis ?
pocket formation - can allow plaque to accumulate gingival recession tooth mobility vertical bony defects
99
What are the 2 types of plaque ?
subgingival - in gingival sulcus | supragingival - on the clinical crown
100
How is plaque a biofilm ?
different types of bacteria associated on a surface with the ECM - lipis , carbs and polysaccharides
101
What causes the minor tissue destruction in periodontitis ?
products of plaque bacteria
102
What causes the major tissue destruction in periodontitis ?
Host immune response
103
What are risk factors for periodontitis ?
``` restorations genetics medication stress smoking diabetes ```
104
What is metastasis ?
uncontrollable cell division that invades other tissues
105
What is a carcinoma ?
cancer that begins in the skin/lining or organs
106
What is a sarcoma ?
originates in the bone , cartilage , fat and blood vessels
107
What is leukaemia ?
blood formin tissue
108
What is lymphoma ?
cells of the immune system
109
Malignancies of the oral cavity are usually what ?
90% primary squamous cell carcinoma
110
What does oral cancer look like ?
Red and white patches ulcers cauliflower lamps
111
What are risk factors for oral cancer ?
Betel liquid use tobacco HPV fruit and veg deficient diet
112
What is the root length of the first maxillary tooth ?
23.5 mm
113
What is the root length of the second maxillary tooth ?
22.5 mm
114
What is the root length of the third maxillary tooth ?
26.5 mm
115
What is the root length of maxillary teeth 4-7 ?
21 mm
116
What is the root length of the first mandibular tooth ?
21 mm
117
What is the root length of the second mandibular tooth ?
21 mm
118
What is the root length of the third mandibular tooth ?
23.5 mm
119
What is the root length of the mandibular teeth 4-7 ?
21 mm
120
How many canals and fo does the 4th maxillary tooth have ?
2 canals and 2 fo | 75%
121
How many canals does the 5th maxillary tooth have ?
75% 1 canal an 1 fo
122
How many canals do the 6th and 7th maxillary teeth ?
4 canals
123
How many canals and fo do mandibular first and second teeth have ?
2 canals | 2 foramen
124
How many canals does the 4th and 5th mandibular tooth have ?
2 canals
125
How many canals does the 6th and 7th mandibular teeth have ?
4 canals
126
what is a fissure sealant
An agent used to occlude the pits and fissures in enamel to prevent dental caries
127
which fissure sealant would be first choice (gold standard)
Bis-GMA- unfilled resin - opaque or clear - Autopolymerizing or Photo-initiated (light cured)
128
which fissure sealant would be used for a compliance issue or partially erupted tooth
Glass ionomer cements - Self cure - Resin modified light cured
129
why is moisture control important
Salivary contamination affects bond strength and therefore retention of the sealant.
130
what is the procedure for a fissure sealant
``` Prophylaxis Isolation/saliva control Etch(15s) with acid Wash(15s) Isolation/saliva control Dry Apply resin -1/3 cusp height Cure (20s) Check for adequacy ```
131
what is the Isolation and moisture control equipment
 Cotton wool rolls  Salivary ejector  Dry tips
132
what is the equip to apply the resin
Pear shaped burnisher
133
what is the equip to Cure
light and shield
134
what are the faults in the fissure sealant
``` completely debonded not fully extended not set air bubble too little material used too much material used ```
135
When do primary incisors erupt ?
6-9 months
136
When do 1st primary molars erupt ?
1-1.3 years
137
When do 2nd primary molars erupt ?
1.75-2 years
138
When do primary canines erupt ?
1.5 years
139
When do primary teeth calcify ?
4-6 months in utero
140
When do primary teeth complete their roots ?
1-1.5 years after eruption
141
When do permanent incisors erupt ?
6-9 years
142
When do upper permanent canines erupt
10-11.5 years
143
When do lower permanent canines erupt ?
9.25-10.5 years
144
When do permanent premolars erupt ?
10-12 years
145
When do permanent incisors calcify ?
3-5 months
146
When do permanent lower canines calcify ?
6.5 months
147
When do permanent upper canines calcify ?
9 month
148
When do permanent premolars calcify ?
1.85-2.65 years
149
When do permanent first molars calcify ?
just before bith
150
When do permanent second molars calcify ?
3 years
151
When do permanent 3rd molars calcify ?
8 years
152
What bin does amalgam waste go in ?
white
153
What bin does cytotoxic and cytostatic waste go in ?
purple
154
What bin does anatomical waste go in ?
red bin
155
What bin does clinical waste go in which requires incareceration ?
yellow
156
What bin does medicinal waste go in ?
blue
157
What bin does domestic waste go in ?
black
158
What bin does mixed recyclable waste go in ?
green
159
What is the method for hand washing ?
``` palm to palm between fingers back of hands and fingerwebs back of fingers thumbs finger tips wrists ```
160
In a histological tooth preparation where can you find the ameloblasts ?
outside the enamel
161
Where can you find the odontoblasts relative to the dentine and the pulp ?
dentine is above the odontoblasts that line the pulp chamber
162
What is the main organic component of dentine ?
collagen fibrils
163
What shape is the profile of the EDJ
Scalloped
164
What is the origin of ameloblasts ?
epithelial n origin
165
What is the origin of odontoblasts ?
mesenchymal in origin
166
What is the name given to dentinal tubules that have become occluded with calcified material ?
sclerotic dentine
167
What is the function of fibroblasts ?
they secrete collagen and help form and maintain the pulp matrix
168
Is cementum avascular ?
yes
169
What is the order of hardness of dental tissue ?
enamel>dentine>cementum>bone
170
How does the skin heal in a suture ?
``` initially acute inflammatory response fibrinogen converted to fibrin. WBCs migrate to the wound Epithelial cells multiply from margins and grow over the wound collagen scar tissue ```
171
What factors affect wound healing ?
site of the wound timing of the treatment infection systemic factors like age
172
What are the 2 types of healing ?
Primary intention | Secondary intention
173
How can you repair cuts in the skin ?
Do nothing Adhesive paper strips Sutures Tissue glue
174
What are the 2 main types of sutures ?
Resorbable | Non resorbable
175
Which material is sued in the mouth and why ?
vicryl | resorbable
176
What are examples of non resorbable sutures ?
silk | ethilion
177
What are the 3 instruments found in the suture kit ?
needle holder toothed forceps fine suturing scissors
178
What are the 4 suture techniques ?
Single interrupted Horizontal amtress vertical mattress Continuous
179
What i dental caries ?
bacterial diseases of calcified tissues of the teeth | destruction of organic substance
180
What is the acidogenic theory ?
plaque microorganisms are left on asusceptible tooth surface with a substrate
181
What are the microorganisms usually found in plaque ?
straptococcus mutans | they form a plaque and then feed on the substrates and produce an acid that demineralises the enamel
182
What are the 2 ways of calssifying caries ?
site- crown/root, mesial, distal etc | rate- chronic and rampant
183
What are intrisic factors that affect the onset of caries ?
tooth morphology | enamel composition
184
What are extrinsic factors affecting the onset of dental caries ?
diet plaque control saliva flow as saliva contains protective factors
185
What are the characteristics of saliva ?
viscosity buffering ability proteins that affect the saliva and the build up of plaque
186
What is the importance of fluorude ?
fluoride can maek enamel crystals bigger and therefore the enamel is less likely to be dimineralised
187
What is the relvance of white spots ?
they occur pre-cavitation reversible turn into cavities once the ADJ is reached
188
What are the frequent sites of attack ?
Occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars Buccal and lingual pits Palatal pits of maxillary central incisors Approximal surface - points of contact between adjacent teeth
189
What can expose teeth and allow caries to develop ?
Periodontal disease gingival recession partial dentures restoration
190
What type of sugars does dental caries occur in response to ?
dietary free sugars
191
What are dietary free sugars ?
monosaccharides disaccarides added to foods by the manufacturer sugars naturally present in foods
192
What plays an imporant role in caries prevention ?
saliva- contains protective factors | fluoride- enlarges the enamel crystals
193
What are the pillars of caries prevention ?
diet analysis and advice fluoride varnish plaque control fissure sealing
194
What is the resin that can be used in fissure sealants ?
bis-GMA
195
In the case of a partially erupted tooth what can be used alternatively ?
glass ionomer cements
196
What is vital when carrying out fissure sealants ?
moisture control | salivary contamination affects the bond strength and therefore retention
197
What are the steps of carrying out fissure sealants ?
``` isolation etch and wait wash and wait dry apply resin cure ```
198
How do you apply the fissure sealant ?
using a pear shaped burnisher to apply the resin to one third of the cusp height that doesn't extend across the marginal ridge
199
What does the dentine-pulp complex consist of ?
pulp tissue odontoblasts dentine odontoblasts line teh pulp chamber and connect the dentine and the pulp- odontoblasts are usually the first cells to be affected
200
What are examples of insults to a tooth ?
dental caries trauma periodontal diseases
201
What does tertiary reactionary dentine use ?
original odontoblasts
202
What does tertiary repairative dentine use ?
new odontoblasts
203
What are pulp stones ?
calcified masses that can be in the root or the crown of the tooth can lead to extreme pain if they infringe on the nerves
204
how does pulp death occur ?
the dentine cannot expand therefore the pulp cannot expand in resposne to stimuli during vasodilation lead to increase in intrapulpal pressure blood flow is decreased and pulp is irritated leading to excess destruction
205
What can pulpitits lead to ?
peri-apical periodontitis
206
Cementum , enamel and dentine are ?
avascualr
207
90% of dentine is what ?
type I collagen fibres
208
What can be found in histological sections between the pulp chamber and the odontoblasts ?
free zone of weil an area rich in capillaries and nerves cell free zone
209
Where can predentine be found ?
between the odontoblasts and the dentine
210
In histological slides what shape is the crown ?
convex-enamel not visible as the slide is demineralised
211
What is the mineralsing front ?
a visible black line that outlines the border between the prednetine and the dentine
212
What is the shape of the EDJ ?
scalloping- allows for ameloblasts to make more enamel prisms - strengthen the enamel for msatication
213
Where is the neonatal line ?
in dentine and enamel of primary teeth and permanent molars
214
What is the neonatal line the border between ?
between the prenatal enamel created during gestation and postnatal enamel
215
What are the differences between prenatal enamel and postnatal enamel ?
prenatal enamel is structurally regular and highly calcified and postnatal enamel is less regular and less calcified
216
When is the first growth period ?
0-6 years
217
When is the appearance and the completion of the primary dentition ?
appears at 6 months and completes at 2.25 years
218
When is the second growth period ?
6-12 years
219
What happens in the second growth period ?
shedding and replacement o f the rpimary teeth | appearance of the first and second molars at 6 and 12 yrs
220
When is the 3rd growth period ?
12-18 years
221
What happens in the 3rd growth period ?
expansion of the jaws to include the third molars
222
Which teeth erupt the latest ?
upper canines
223
What is the first phase of tooth eruption ?
phase 1 6 1 2 up to 9 years
224
What is the second phase of tooth eruption ?
phase 2 3 4 5 7 up to 13 years
225
What is the third phase of tooth eruption ?
8 | 17-21 years
226
What are the stages of tooth formation ?
calcification crown completion root bifurcation root completion
227
When is crown completion ?
halfway between calcification and eruption
228
When is the crown completion of upper lateral incisors ?
4.5 years
229
What is root bitfurcation ?
the first calcification of the bifurcation of lower permanent roots
230
When do lower 1st molars bifurcate ?
4.5
231
When do lower 2nd molars bifurcate ?
8.5
232
What is the mineral content of enamel ?
95%
233
Which tissue has the highest organic matrix ?
bone
234
Which tissue has the highest amount of water ?
bone
235
What is the mineral content of dentine ?
70%
236
What is the mineral content of cementum ?
61%
237
is enamel brittle ?
yes
238
Is enamel dead or living ?
living
239
Which tissue is sensitive ?
dentine
240
What is enamel made of ?
calcium hydroxyapatite
241
What does decussation mean ?
enamel prisms have inter connecting structures | undulating regularity
242
Where is predentine located ?
between the odontoblasts and dentine
243
What is pulp tissue made of ?
``` fibrous connective tissue odontoblasts fibroblasts defence vells undifferentiatd cells ```
244
Why do pulp stones form ?
injury | pulp becomes less vascularised with age
245
What protects healthy gingiva from mastication ?
keratin
246
Why cant enamel be seen in a histological sample ?
enamel is 95% mineral | dissolves aweay
247
What is the function of the PDL ?
resist mastication and not extraction
248
What is the PDL made of ?
dense fibrous connective tissue
249
What are the collagen bundles arranged as ?
sharpeys fibres
250
What are the features of the PDL ?
high rate of cell turnover rich vascular supply rich innervation- sensory and pain perception
251
What happens to alveolar bone if there is no stimuli ?
resorbed by osteoclasts
252
What is the alveolar bone made of ?
bundle bone and supporting bone bundle bone has fibres supporting bone doesnt
253
Where is the cell free zone ?
an area rich in capillary and nerve networks | between pulp and odontoblasts
254
Where is the predentine ?
between the odontoblasts and dentine
255
What are the functions of teeth ?
mastication appearance speech
256
What are the cells formed called that form enamel ?
ameloblasts
257
What is the process of enamel formation called ?
amelogenesis
258
What is the main organic component of dentine ?
collagen fibrils
259
What shape is the profile of the EDJ ?
scalloped
260
What is predentine ?
between odontoblasts and old dentine- unmineralised and lighter
261
What is the name of dentinal tubules that have become occluded with calcified material /
sclerotic dentine
262
What are the functions of fibroblasts ?
form and maintain the pulp matrix
263
What type of collagn is in pulp ?
type I collagen
264
Is cementum avascular ?
yes
265
What shape is the crown in histological sections ?
convex shape
266
What is the mineralising front ?
black line between pre dentine and dentine
267
Why is the EDJ scalloping ?
allow ameloblasts to make more enamel - make the crown stronger relative to the small EDJ
268
Where is the neonatal line ?
forms in both dentine and enamel of primary teeth and permanent molars
269
What are the differences between prenatal and postnatal enamel ?
preenamle is strucuturally regular and highly calcified | postnatal enamel is less calcified
270
Why does the neonatal line form ?
changes in the configuration of enamel prisms
271
Give 5 of the dental standards ?
``` Put patients first communicate effectively with patients obtain valid consent maintain and protect patients information raise concerns if patients are at risk ```
272
How does skin heal ?
fibronogen converted to fibrin WBCs migrate to the site of the wound , capilalries and lymphatics penetrate forming granulation tissue epithelial cells multiply across margins
273
What are the factors that affect wound healing ?
``` site of the wound timing of treatment nature of treatment infection systemic factors ```
274
What are the 2 forms of healing ?
primary and secondary intention
275
What are the methods of repairing skin ?
``` adhesive paper strips tissue glue staples clips sutures ```
276
What is an example of a resorbable suture ?
vicryl
277
What is an example of a non resorbable suture ?
silk | ethilion
278
What is cancer ?
abnromal cells divide and are able to invade other tissues
279
What are the 4 types of cancer ?
sarcoma lymphoma leukaemia carcinoma
280
What is carcinoma ?
cancer that begins in the lining of organs or the skin
281
What is sarcoma?
cancer that begins in the cartlage, fat and blood vessels
282
What is leukaemia ?
cancer that begins in blood forming tissue
283
What is lymphoma ?
cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system
284
Malignancies of the oral cavity are mainly what ?
90% squamous cell carcinoma
285
What are visible features of oral cancer ?
ulcer red/white patch cauliflower lump
286
Oral cancer is which most common cancer in the world ?
6th
287
How many cases are diagnosed per year ?
389000
288
What are risk factors for oral cancer ?
``` tobacco excess consumption of alcohol betel quid fruit deficient diet HPV ```
289
What are the survival rates for oral cancer ?
80-90% initially then 30%
290
What is dental caries ?
loss of tooth substance from the action of microorganisms | demineralisation of the inorganic and destruction of the organic
291
Whati s required in the acidogenic theory ?
plaque bacteria susceptible tooth surface substrate time
292
What are the rates of dental caries ?
chronic or rampant | arrested or rampant
293
What are the intrinsic factors that influence caries ?
tooth morphology tooth position enamel structure and composition
294
What are extrinsic factors affecting caries ?
``` diet plaque control saliva flow critical pH fluoride ```
295
What is the critical pH ?
less than pH 5.5
296
What is a white spot lesion ?
subsurface thin outer layer of enamel may be reversed or remineralised
297
When might restoration be required for a white spot lesion ?
when the ADJ is reahced and cavitation is reached
298
Why might you get caries in the root surface ?
periodontal disease gingival recession partial denture
299
Why might you get recurrent caries ?
beneath and around restorations
300
What are characteristics of the initial lesion ?
subsurface | reversible
301
Where does dental caries happen ?
in plaque covered areas exposed to dietary free sugars
302
What is a fissure sealant ?
used to occlude the pits and fissures in enamel to prevent dental caries
303
What is used in fissure sealants ?
Bis-GMA can be opaueor clear autopolymerising or light cured
304
What is the resin used in an compliance issue or partially erputed tooth ?
glass ionomer cements
305
What is the risk of salivary contamination in a fissure sealant ?
salivary contamiantion affects bond strength and retention of the sealant
306
What is the equipment for moisture control ?
cotton wool rolls saliva ejector dry tips
307
What is the routine in fissure sealant ?
``` prophylaxis as required saliva control etch wash dry saliva control apply resin cure ```
308
What do you use to apply rein to a fissure ?
pear shaped burnisher | one third of cusp height
309
What odes the pulp dentine complex consist of ?
pulp tissue | oodntoblasts dentine
310
What do odontoblasts have ?
a process around which dentinal tubules form
311
Which cells encounter irritation first and why ?
odontoblasts | they link dentine to the pulpm
312
What part of the pulp space shrinks with age ?
secondary dentine
313
What is a dental insult ?
a challenge which has the potential to endanger the vitality of the tooth dental caries, trauma, periodontal disease, tooth wear
314
How should you prepare the tooth surface to diagnose dental caries ?
tooth should be clean and dry with good illumination
315
How do the cavities present in caries ?
tactile leathery and sticky texture
316
Why might trans illumination might be helpful ?
show shadowing of carious lesions
317
What is tertiary reactionary dentine produced in response to ?
irritation like caries | involves new cells after odontoblast death
318
What happens in pulp death ?
pulp is in a rigid chamber of dentine ability to expand during vasodilation is limited vasodialtion leads to increase in intrapulpal pressure compression of blood vessels blood flow is decreeased leading to pulpal damage
319
What are the consequences of untreated pulpitis ?
infection spread of infection swelling pain
320
What are the steps in root canal treatment ?
``` remove active disease un roof the pulp chamber determine length of roots remove canal contents and clean use irrigants- sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine ```
321
What is the root length of maxillary teeth ?
21 mm | except for 1,2 and 3- 23.5,22.5 and 26.5`
322
What is the root length of mandibular teeth ?
all 21 mm except for mandibualr 3 which is 23.5
323
How many canals and fo in maxillary 4 ?
2 canals and 2 fo
324
How many canals and fo needed for maxillary 5 ?
1 canal and 1 fo
325
How many canals and fo in maxillary 6 and 7 ?
4 canals
326
How many canals and fo needed in mandibualr 1 and2 ?
2 canals and 2 fo
327
How many canals ans do in mandibuakr 4 and 5 ?
2 canals
328
How many canals and fo in mandibular 6 and 7 ?
4 canals
329
What is the role of fibroblasts in the pulp ?
they secrete collagen and form the pulp matrix
330
What is reactionary dentine ?
uses original odontoblasts in response to weak stimuli
331
What is repairative dentine ?
uses new odontoblasts- stronger stmuli
332
What is cementum ?
mineralised connective tissue
333
What is the role of junctional epitherlium ?
attaches gingiva to enamel
334
What are characteristics of the PDL ?
highly vascularised high innervation - sensory and pain high cell turnover

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

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