Anatomy theme 2 Flashcards
How many vertebrae does the neck contain ?
7 cervical vertebrae
What is the structure of the hyoid bone ?
body
lesser cornue
greater cornue
from the lateral aspect a concave inferior surface is visible
What are the typical features of a vertebra ?
body bony pedicle lamina vertebral foramen bilateral superior and inferior articulating facets spinous process transverse process
What does C1 not have ?
a body
What is different about c2 and c7 ?
c2 has a dens - the body of the C1
c7 has a slender spinous process rather than a slender spinous process
What are different about cervical vertebrae ?
they have a bifid spinous process
they have a transverse foramen
What is the atlanto occipital joint between ?
the occipital condyles and the superior articulating facets of the atlas
How can the atlanto-occipital joint be described ?
bilateral , synovial joint
What does the atlanto-occipital joint allow for ?
YES movements
lateral flexion
What does the atlanto-axial join ?
articulation between the superior articulating facets of the axis and the inferior articulating facets of the atlas
also an articulation between the dens of the axis and the anterior arch of the atlas
What does the atlanto-axial joint allow for ?
No movements
What ligament runs between the axis and the atlas ?
the transverse band of the cruciform ligament
What does the transverse band of the cruciform ligament run between ?
the dens of the axis and the anterior arch of the atlas
What ligament runs between the atlas and the skull ?
atlanto-occipital membrane
between the anterior arch of the atlas and the tip of the foramen magnum
Which ligaments run between the axis and the skull ?
posterior longitudunal ligament
bilateral alar ligaments
apical ligament
What does the posterior longitudinal ligament run between ?
it connects the dens of the axis and the basioccipit
it continues superiorlry as the tectorial membrane
What do the bilateral alar ligaments run between ?
tip of the dens to the foramen magnum
What does the apical ligament run between ?
in the midline
tip of the dens to the foramen magnum
What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck ?
posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
anterior border of trapezius
middle third of the clavicle
Where does the apex of the posterior triangle lie ?
on the superior nuchal line
What does the superficial fascia of the neck contain ?
the platysma
cutaneous nerves and vessles
What does the deep investing layer of cervial fascia run around in the neck
it runs across the whole circumference and splits into 2 to encase the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius
What does the pre-tracheal fasccia encase ?
the oesophagus
the thyroid gland
the trachea
What does the pre-vertebral fascia encase ?
the cervical vertebrae
the muscles of the roof of the posterior triangle
What does the carotid sheath contain ?
the internal jugular vein
the common carotid artery
and the vagus nerve
What does the sternocleidomastoid arise from ?
medial third of the clavicle
manubrium sterni
Where does the sternocleidomastoid insert ?
mastoid process
lateral third of the superior nuchal line
What innervates sternocleidomastoid ?
spinal accessory nerve
What is the action of sternocleidomastoid ?
acts bilaterally flex the neck
can act individually to rotate the neck and place the mastoid process on the shoulder
Where does trapezius originate from ?
medial half of the superior nuchal line
external occipital protuberance
Where does trapezius insert ?
into the lateral third of the clavicle
the scapula
What innervates the trapezius ?
spinal accessory
What is the action of sternocleidomastoid ?
contracts to rotate and elevate the scapula
Where does the platysma arise from ?
the superficial fascia of the neck
What does the platysma do ?
tightens the skin of the neck
What innervates the platysma ?
cervical branches of the facial nerve
Where do scalenus anterior and scalenus medius insert into ?
first rib
What are the cutaneous nerves of the posterior triangle ?
lesser occipital
supraclavicular
greater auricular
transverse cervical
Where is the lesser occipital nerve ?
posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
What does the lesser occipital nerve innervate >
skin behind the ear
Where is the greater auricular nerve ?
ascends on the sternocleidomastoid
What does the greater auricular nerve innervate ?
skin overlying the mastoid process
Where is the transverse cervical nerve ?
crosses sternocleidomatoid laterally
What does the transverse cervical nerve innervate ?
skin overlying the anterior neck ?
Where are the suprclavicular nerves ?
they run over the clavicle
What do the supraclavicular nerves innervate ?
the upper chest
What is the root value of the lesser occipital nerve ?
C1-C2
What is the root value of the gretser auruvualr nerve ?
C2-C3
What is the root value of the transverse cervical nerve ?
C2-C3
What is the root value of the supraclavicular nerves ?
C3-C4
What is the positon of the spinal accessory nerve ?
lies on levator scapulae
What is the psotion iof the phrenic nerve ?
lies in scalenus anterior
What is the root value of the phrenic nerve ?
c3-c5
What does the phrenic nerve innervate ?
the diaphram
Where is the brachial plexus and what does it innervate ?
superior to the clavicle
innervates the arm
What is the root value of the brachial plexus ?
C5-C8 and T1
What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck ?
The midline
the inferior border of the mandible
anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
What is the apex of the anterior triangle ?
the sternum
What do the infrahyoid muscles do ?
depress the hyoid bone
lengthen the vocal tract
lower the larynx
Where are the infrahyoid muscles ?
they are below the hyoid bone
they are strap muscles
What are the 4 infrahyoid muscles ?
omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
Which of the infrahyoid muscles are deep ?
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
Which of the infrahyoid muscles are superficial ?
omohyoid
sternohyoid
What are the attachments of the omohyoid muscle ?
the superior belly originates from the lower body of the hyoid bone and inserts into the tendon
the inferior belly originates from the tendon and inserts into the scapula
What innervates omohyoid ?
Ansa cervicalis
C1-C3
What are the origins and insertions of Sternohyoid
originates from the sternum
inserts into the hyoid bone
What innervates sternohyoid ?
ansa cervicalis C1-C3
Where is sternohyoid ?
anterior to the trachea and medial to omohyoid
What are the origins and insertions of the sternothyroid ?
originates from the thyroid cartilage
and inserts into the sternum
What innervates sternothyroid ?
Ansa cervicalis - C1-C3
Where can sternothyroid be found ?
depp to sternohyoid
What are the origins and insertions of thyrohyoid ?
originates from the thyroid cartilage and inserts into the hyoid bone
What innervates thyrohyoid ?
C1 fibres that hitchike along the hypoglossal nerve
What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles ?
raise the hyoid bone and the larynx
depresses the mandible
What are the suprahyoid muscles ?
post/ant bellies of digastric
geniohyoid
mylohyoid
stylohyoid
What are the origins and insertions of the ant belly of digastric ?
originates from the digastric fossa of the mandible and inserts into a tendon on the hyoid bone
What are the origins and insertions of the post belly of digastric ?
originates from the tendon on the hyoid bone and inserts into the mastoid process
What innervates the post belly of digastric ?
cervical branch of the facial nerve
What innervates the anterior belly of digastric ?
nerve to mylohyoid
What are the origins and insertion of mylohyoid ?
originates from the mylohyoid line on the mandible and inserts into the hyoid bone
What innervates mylohyoid ?
nerve to mylohyoid
Where does the stylohyoid muscle originate and insert ?
arises from the styloid process and inserts into hyoid bone
What is the innervation of stylohyoid ?
cervical branch of the facial nerve
What are the origins and insertions of Geniohyoid ?
inferior geniall tubercles on the mandible and inserts into the hyoid bone
Where does the common carotid artery arise from ?
aorta
At what level does the common carotid artery bifurcate ?
C4
hyoid bone
What is the carotid sinus ?
a control point
contains blood pressure receptors and stretch receptors - homeostasis
Does the internal carotid artery give any branches in the neck ?
no - keeps the vblood suppky for the skull oxygen rich
What are the branches of the external carotid artery ?
superior thyroid Ascending pharyngeal lingual facial occipital posterior auricular
What are the 2 terminal branches of the ext carotid ?
maxillary
superficial temporal
Where does the vagus nerve leave the skull ?
jugular fo
Is the vagus nerve sensory or motor ?
both
What are the 3 main branches in the neck of the Vagus ?
pharyngeal branch of the vagus
superior laryngeal nerve
right recurrent laryngeal
What does the sup laryngeal nerve divide into ?
the int/ext laryngeal nerve
What makes the ansa cervicalis ?
descendant hypoglossi - hypoglossal passes over the top
descendant cervicalis
roots of c1-c3
Where does the right subclavian artery come from ?
the right braciocephalic artery
Where does the left subclavian artery come from ?
the aorta
Where does the subclavian artery pass ?
posterior to the attachment of scalenus anterior to the first rib
What are the branches of the first part of the subclavian artery ?
vertebral artery
thyrocervical trunk
the internal thoracic artery
What are the branches of the thyrocervical trunk ?
inferior thyroid artery
suprascapular artery
transverse cervical artery
What does the vertebral artery do ?
it ascends in the foramen transversarium from C6 onwards and then passes to the Fo.Magnum
What does the internal thoracic artery do ?
runs parallel to the sternum
What does the second part of the subclavian artery contain ?
the costocervical trunk
Where does the subclavian vein pass >?
anterior the the attachment of scalenus anterior to the first rib
Where does the brachial plexus emerge ?
it emerges in the spce between scalenus anterior and scalenus medius
Where does the phrenic nerve pass ?
on scalenus anterior
What is the root value of the phrenic nerve ?
C3-C5
What are the parts of the thyroid gland ?
superior and inferior poles that are joined by an isthmus
What part of the trachea does the isthmus of the thyroid gland pass over ?
the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
What is the arterial supply to the thyroid gland ?
superior thyroid artery - from the external carotid
inferior thyroid artery - from the thyrocervical trunk of the 1st part of the subclavian artery
What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland ?
superior middle and inferior thyroid veins
What do the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into ?
they drain into the internal jugular vein
What does the inferior thyroid vein drain into ?
left braciocephalic vein
What do lymph nodes do ?
they act as filters and add lymphocytes to the fluid
What are the 2 types of the lymph nodes in the head and neck ?
deep cervical and superficial
What are the superficial nodes of the neck ?
parotid nodes mastoid nodes occipital nodes submental submandibular nodes
What are the deep cervical nodes of the chain ?
juulo digastric
jugulo omohyoid
retropharyngeal
What do the submental nodes drain ?
they drian the chin , tip of tongue and lower lip
What do the submental nodes drain into ?
jugulo omohyoid nodes
What do the submandibular nodes drain into ?
the jugulo-omohyoid nodes
What do the parotid nodes drian ?
eyelids
temples
cheeks
external auditory meatus
What do the parotid nodes drain into ?
digastric nodes of the deep cerival chain
What do the mastoid nodes drain into ?
scalp and the auricle
What do the mastoid nodes drain into ?
jugulo-digastric nodes
What do the occipital nodes drain into ?
jugulo-omohyoid nodes
What are the retropharyngeal nodes ?
they are located between the posterior wall of the pharynx and the pre vertebral fascia
What is between fascia ?
spaces that allow infection to develop
What can lead to routes to infection ?
venous routes
what are effective barriers to infection spread ?
dense fascial layers
What unites loose fascial planes and what can this lead to ?
loose connective tissue
infection can destroy the tissue and this leads to spaces fro infection to develop
What does the thyrocervical trunk contain ?
transverse cervical
inferior thyroid
suprascapular arteries
What nerve is closely related to the superior thyroid artery ?
external branch of the superior laryngeal
