Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BDS Stage 1 > New RS > Flashcards

New RS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system ?

A 
Gas exchange
hormone production 
protection from pathogens 
regulation of body pH 
vocalisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you calculate surface tension ?

A

0.5(pressure x radius of alveoli)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

As a percentage of vital capcity what is the normal FEV of a healthy person ?

A

more than 70%`

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does it mean if perfusion limited ?

A

not enough blood to carry away oxygen
rapid transfer of oxygen from the alveolus to the capillaries
equilibrium reached before the end of the capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the factors that affect gas exchange in the lungs ?

A

surface area
thickness of the membrane
pressure gradient
solubility of gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why would HPV be taking place in birth ?

A

lungs are hypoxic until birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can COPD trigger HPV ?

A

COPD can cause a decrease in ventilation - leads to HPV - increases pulmonary pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What causes dissociation of oxgen from Hb ?

A

low partial pressure of oxgen reduces the affinity of Hb for o2- dissociation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In what conditions would 2.3 DPG be produced ?

A

exercise
anaemia
high altitudes
lung didease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of the chloride shift ?

A

maintain the membrane potential between erythrocyte and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do central chemoreceptors measure changed in carbon dioxide production ?

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cerebral capillaries into the CSF
reaction with water leads to proton and bicarbonate production
protons bind to the central chemoreceptors in the floor of the IVth ventricle
trigger an increase in VR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What effects does the autonomic system have on the lungs ?

A

mucus secretion
vasoconstriction
bronnchodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cheynes stokes respiration ?

A

partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide never stabilises
due to delay in blood reaching the peripheral chemoreceptors
lungs alternate between deep fast breathing and shallow breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does venous and arterial oxygen change during exercise ?

A

venous oxygen drops

arterial oxygen is stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does high altitude trigger ?

A

hypoxic ventilatory response

hyperventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does hyperventilation alter pH ?

A

decrease in carbon dioxide

alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is blood and CSF pH normalised after 3 days ?

A

bicarbonate transported out the of the CSF into the blood
central chemoreceptors reset
bicarbonate taken cre by the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the functions of the lower respiratory tract ?

A

conduct air
gas exchange
regulate flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the structure of alveolar cells type 1 ?

A

single cell thick
side facin the blood has holes- leaky
side facing the lung is strengthened with collagen fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can bronchiole diameter be regulated ?

A

parasympathetic- Ach acts on M3 receptors- bronchoconstriction
Symapthetic- Noardrenaline- bronchodilation- Beta 2 receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is poiuselles law ?

A

change in pressure/ r4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What affects airway resistance ?

A

viscosity

turbulent or lamina flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which structures have the highest resistance ?

A

bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are the first ribs joined to the manubrium ?

A

synchondroses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How do you work out pressure ?
2 X st/radius
26
What is the size of dead space ?
150 ml
27
What is the physiologic dead space ?
anatomic + alveolar dead space
28
How is diffusion capacity optimised ?
shape of type 1 alveolar cells | fusion of the alveoli with the basement membrane
29
Describe a perfusion limited scenario ?
not enough blood to carry away oxygen rapid transfer of gas between alveoli and the blood equilibrium reached before the end of the capillary bed
30
What are the perfusion limited gases ?
N20 and O2
31
What does the perfusion graph show ?
p cap on the side | palv on bottom
32
Describe a diffusion limited scenario ?
Slow transfer of gas between the alveoli | equilibrium not reached in transit time
33
What is a diffusion limited gas ?
CO
34
What happens in emphysema ?
alveoli are ruptured reduced FEV loss of elastin and connective tissue
35
What are the conditions at the apex ?
V>Q High pH Alveoli squeeze capillaries
36
What are the conditions at the base ?
Q>V low hydrostatic pressure to overcome low pH
37
How can you assess perfusion using Xe 133 ?
Inject into blood pooly soluble so it leave via the lungs poorly perfused- fainter - apex
38
What does a pulmonary embolus do ?
blocks perfusion no gas transfer fainter stain
39
What happens in HPV ?
``` Reduced oxygen in the alveolus and therefore gradient blood not fully oxygenated HPV blood diverted to well ventilated areas V/Q match ```
40
How is COPD linked to HPV ?
COPD means less oxygen in the blood triggers HPV increase in pulmonary pressure leads to right ventriculr heart failure and pulmonary oedema
41
What does Hb also bind to ?
Protons CO NO
42
What does NO bind to ?
cysteine residues | vasodilator
43
How is co2 transported ?
70% in bicarnbonate buffer system 23% bound to N terminus 7% soluble
44
What is the bicarbonate buffer system ?
Carbon dioxide diffuses into capillaries reacts to water to form carbonic acid and protons and bicarb Excess bicarb which shifts equilibrium so in the blood bicarb leaves the RBC and chloride replaces it in the lung chloride leaves the RBC and Bicarb enters so the reaction can happen in reverse Co2 released in the lungs
45
What is the bohr effect ?
protons reduces the affinity of Hb for O2
46
What is the haldane effect ?
Carbon dioxide reduces Hbs affinity for O2
47
What potentiates the O2 response ?
low O2 and high Co2/low pH
48
What do glomus cells signal through ?
IX
49
How is low oxygen detected by peripheral chemoreceptors ?
``` Low oxygen in blood K channels close cell depolarises Ca enters through Ca channels exocytosis of dopamine vesicles bind to dopamine receptors signal through IX ```
50
What does decreasing alveolar co2 do ?
potentiate the response
51
What is the BBB impermeable to ?
protons and bicarb
52
What is the effect of consciosuness on HR ?
during unconsciousness we tolerate more carbon dioxide less sensitive in a heroin overdose - less sensitive and autonomous activity is not stimulated enough
53
Where are the pulmonary stretch receptors located ?
airways | visceral pleura
54
What is the output of DRG ?
phrenic
55
What does the VRG contain ?
mixture of ins and exp neurones exp at the end
56
What is the pre botzinger complex ?
collection of insp neurones in the VRG | generate basic rhythm
57
What is forced expiration controlled by ?
pre botzinger complex
58
What is the voluntary control system ?
cerebral cortex to the RC in medulla output to the respiratory muscles
59
What is the involuntary system ?
limbic system- emotional response | hypothalamus- temperature regulation
60
What are the changes to ventilation during exercise ?
increase in TV increase in VR more capillaries increased diffusion capacity
61
What are the stimulants of pulmonary ventilation in exercise ?
initially- neural - primary motor cortex Increased K muscle spindle and proprioceptors
62
What are eh consequences of hyperventilation ?
remove co2 alkalosis increased affinity of Hb for O2 Reduced VR
63
How can pulomoanry oedema happen in hypoxic cinditions ?
HPV increased pulmoanry pressure high hydrostatic pressure balance between hydrostatic and oncotic pressure diturbed
64
What are the long term adaptation to high altitude ?
``` bicarbonate transported out of the CSF reduced CSF pH resets the central chemoreceptors Bicarbonate taken care by the kidneys central more sensitive ```
65
What happens in sustained hypoxia ?
2,3 DPG made in the RBCs curve shifts to the right- facilitate oxygen release peritubular cells in the kidney detect low oxygen- release EPO - RBC synthesis increased- increased oxygen carrying capacity heart has to pump more due to increased viscosity of the blood
66
How do gangrene and frostbite occur ?
vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries | in low temperatures
67
What is average arterial co2 pressure ?
40 mmHg
68
What do peripheral chemoreceptors sense ?
oxygen below 60 mmHg

BDS Stage 1 (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions