Anatomy theme 4 Flashcards
What is the superior border of the INFTF ?
the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid
small part of the squamous of the temporal bone
What is the medial border of the INFTF ?
the lateral pterygoid plate
What is the lateral border of the IFTF ?
ramus and the cornoid process of the mandible
What is the anterior border of the INFTF ?
the posterior wall of the maxilla
What is the posterior border of the INFTF ?
styloid process
Where does the deep head of the medial pterygoid arise and insert ?
medial aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate
ramus of the mandible
Where does the superficial head of the medial pterygoid arise and insert ?
arises from the maxillary tuberosity
inserts into the ramus of the mandible - they fuse together (deep and superficial head)
Where does the inferior head of lateral pterygoid arise and insert ?
arises from the lateral aspect of the lateral pterygoid plate
inserts into the pterygoid fovea on the condylar neck
Where does the superior head of lateral pterygoid arise and insert ?
arises from the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid and inserts into the pterygoid fovea
What is the innervation of lateral pterygoid ?
V3- nerve to lateral pterygoid
What is the innervation Of medial pterygoid ?
V3- nerve to medial pterygoid
What does medial pterygoid do ?
elevates the mandible
What does lateral pterygoid do ?
depresses the mandible in jaw opening
What characteristic of medial pterygoid allows it to move in vectors ?
its fibres are perpendicular to the molars
Wheres does V3 enter the INFTTF ?
fo. Ovale
What does V3 do after passing through the INFTF ?
divides into anterior and posterior divisions
What does the anterior division contain ?
nerves to the muscles of mastication
long buccal nerve (sensory)
What does the posterior division contain ?
lingual nerve
inferior alveolar nerve
auriculotemporal nerve
Where does the inferior alveolar nerve supply ?
below the roots of the mandibular teeth
What does the inferior alveolar nerve divide into ?
the inferior alveolar nerve splits into the nerve to mylohyoid before it enters the mandibular canal
it supplies the mandibular teeth then gives off the mental nerve anteriorly when it enters the mandibular canal
Where does the mental exit the skull ?
the mental foramen
What does the mental nerve provide sensory innervation for ?
the chin and the lower lip
Where does the auriculotemporal nerve pass ?
around the middle meningeal artery as two roots from the post division of the mandibular nerve
What does the auriculotemporal nerve provide sensory innervation to ?
the oracle and the TMJ
Where does the lingual nerve arise from ?
the anterior division of v3
Where does the lingual nerve pass ?
between the ramus of the mandible and the medial pterygoid muscle
What does the lingual nerve innervate ?
it provides sensory innervation for the anterior two thirds of the tongue and carries fibres of the facial nerve in the chorda tympani
What is the maxillary artery a division of ?
Terminal branch of the external carotid
What does the maxillary artery pass over ?
lateral pterygoid muscle - in 3 parts
before by and beyond
What are the branches of the first part of the maxillary artery ?
middle meningeal
inferior alveolar
Where does the inferior alveolar artery pass ?
into the mandibular canal via the mandibular Fo.
it gives off the mental artery which passes through the mental foramen
Where does the middle meningeal artery ascend into ?
Fo. Spinosum
What do the branches of part 2 of the maxillary artery do ?
they supply the muscles of mastication and buccinator
What do the branches of part 3 do ?
they accompany the maxillary nerve
Where does the sphenopalatine artery pass through ?
sphenopalatine fo.
Where does the infraorbital artery pass ?
in the infraorbital canal and exits onto the face via the infraorbital foramen
What does the sphenopalatine foramen connect ?
the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa
What do the tributaries of the maxillary vein drain into ?
the pterygoid venous plexus
What drains the pterygoid venous plexus ?
the short maxillary vein
Where does the maxillary vein pass ?
it passess deep to the neck of the mandibular condyle and enters the parotid gland where it unites with the superficial temporal vein to form the retromandibular vein
What is the TMJ an articulation between ?
the temporal bone of the cranium and the mandible
What are the 3 surfaces of the TMJ ?
articular tubercle
mandibular fossa
condyle of the mandible
Where are the squamotympanic fissures ?
in the mandibular fossa
What type of joint is the TMJ ?
bilateral synovial joint
What encloses the joint cavity ?
a fibrous capsule that runs from the temporal bone to the mandibular joint surfaces
What is in the joint cavity ?
articular disc
What does the articular disc divide the joint cavity into ?
the upper and lower compartments
What is the joint cavity lined by ?
synovial membrane
What are the ligaments that support the TMJ ?
the sphenomandibular ligament ]
the lateral temporomandibular ligament
What is the lateral temporomandibular ligament ?
a thickening of the fibrous capsule
it runs from the articular tubercle to the neck of the mandibular condyle
There is only 1
What does the lateral temporomandibular ligament do ?
Prevents the jaw moving sideways
Where does the sphenomandibular ligament run from ?
from the spine of sphenoid to the lingula of the mandible
Which movements occur in the lower compartments ?
the hinge movement
movement between the condyle and the disc
disc is stationary and the condyle moves through a horizontal axis
What movements happen in the upper compartment ?
translation movement
the movement is between the mandibular fossa and the disc
the condyle and the disc move forward
What happens in protrusion ?
condyles move anteriorly and inferiorly
the disc moves - in the upper compartment
What happens in retrusion ?
condyles and disc move upwards and backwards
on the AT
What is depression ?
condyles move forward and and downward
in the lower compartment
What are the right and left movements ?
condyles move forward and downward
Which muscles are involved in the movements of the jaw ?
supramandibular - muscles of mastication - mostly jaw elevators except lateral pterygoid
inframandibular - suprahyoid/infrahyoid muscles , they are jaw depressors
Describe the process of opening the jaw ?
hinge movement in the lower compartment
inferior head of lateral pterygoid protracts the mandible - slight opening
condyles move forward and sit on the AT
THEN ant.belly of digastric acts to open the jaw further
greater extremities -suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
Describe the jaw closing cycle ?
jaw opening muscles relax
masseter and medial pterygoid pull mandible back till the condyle is in the mandibular fossa
closing against resistance - temporalis
What does the ANS do ?
connects the CNS to the smooth muscle , cardiac muscle and glands
How many neurones are required to connect the CNS to the target via the ANS ?
2 - they synapse in an autonomic ganglion
What is the outflow of the sympathetic nervous system ?
thoracolumbar
T1-L2
Where are the ganglia in the sympathetic nervous system ?
they are in the sympathetic chain
What is the length of the preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic axons ?
preganglionic are short and postganglionic are long
Where are the ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system ?
they are in the walls of the target
What is the length of the postganglionic and preganglionic axons in the parasympathetic nervous system ?
the preganglionic axons are long
postganglionic are short
Which ganglion supplies sympathetic supply to the head ?
superior cervical ganglion
What is the outflow of the parasympathetic nervous system ?
craniosacral
Where is parasympathetic supply to the head from ?
otic
pterygopalatine
submandibular
ciliary
What are the 3 roots of a parasympathetic ganglion ?
parasympathetic motor - from craniosacral
sympathetic - from the ext.carotid arterial tree they have already synapsed in the superior cervical ganglion
sensory - usually rejoins branches of the trigeminal ganglion
branches of distribution to the target
Where is the otic ganglion attached to ?
the medial aspect of the main trunk of the mandibular nerve as it passes through Fo. Ovale
What is the parasympathetic root of the otic ganglion ?
the lesser petrosal nerve
Where does the lesser petrosal nerve come from ?
hypoglossal nerve
What is the sympathetic root of the otic ganglion ?
Arises from the superior cervical ganglion and passes around the middle meningeal artery
What is the sensory root of the otic ganglion ?
arises from the otic ganglion and passes to the parotid gland via the auriculotemporal nerve
Where do the postganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to the parotid gland ?
they travel to the parotid gland by hitchhiking on the auriculotemporal nerve
What is the somatic motor root of the otic ganglion ?
travels from the otic ganglion to medial pterygoid and tensor veli palatini
How can you see the pterygopalatine ganglion ?
through the pterygomaxillary fissure
Where is the pterygomaxillary fissure ?
between the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the palatine bone
What is the anterior border of the PGPF ?
posterior wall of the maxilla
What is the lateral border of the PGPF ?
the pterygomaxillary fissure
What is the medial border of the PGPF ?
the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
What is the posterior border of the PGPF ?
pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone
What passes through FO. Rotundum ?
v2
What passes through the sphenopalatine fo. ?
sphenopalatine artery
nasopalatine nerves
What is the inferior orbital fissure ?
below the superior orbital fissure in the posterior wall of the orbit
What are the contents of the pteryopalatine fossa ?
the 3rd part of the maxillary artery
the pterygopalatine ganglion
the maxillary divison of the trigeminal nerve v2
What are the branches of V2 ?
zygomatic nerve
posterior superior alveolar nerves
anterior middle superior alveolar nerves
infraorbital nerve
Where does the zygomatic nerve leave the PTGF ?
the inferior orbital fissure to travel on the floor of the orbit
Where does the pterygopalatine nerve hang from ?
v2
What is the target of the pterygopalatine ganglion ?
nasal and pharyngeal mucous glands
the lacrimal glands
hayfever ganglion
What is the parasympathetic motor root of the PG?
the nerve of the pterygoid canal
fusion of the greater petrosal nerve
What does the nerve of the pterygoid canal contain ?
preganglionic axons from the facial nerve
How do the postganglionic parasympathetic axons reach the mucous/lacrimal glands ?
via the greater and lesser palatine nerves
What is the sympathetic root of the PG ?
arises from the deep petrosal nerve from around the middle meningeal artery
already synapsed in the SCG
Where does the sensory root arise from ?
arises from the maxillary nerve through Fo.Rotundum and the trigeminal ganglion
What are the branches of distribution of the PG ?
greater/lesser palatine nerves posterior superior nasal nerves nasopalatine nerves pharyngeal nerve all branches of V2
What is the path of the nasopalatine nerve ?
enters the nasal cavity through sphenopalatine Fo.
Passes along the roof of the nasal cavity
descends to the roof of the oral cavity
passes through the incisive Fo to the hard palate
What does the nasopalatine nerve innervate
?
the maxillary anterior teeth
What are the functions of the nose ?
ventilation olfactory filtration of the air drainage of secretions from the paranasal air sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct
What is the external nose pierced by ?
2 nasal apertures
What type of epithelium lines the nasal cavity ?
respiratory pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
What separates the nasal cavity from the anterior cranial fossa ?
the cribriform plate
What is lateral to the lateral wall of the nose ?
ethmoidal air cells
What is lateral to the lower half of the nasal wall ?
The maxillary air sinus
What separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?
the hard palate
What makes up the hard palate ?
palatine process of the maxilla
horizontal plane of the palatine bone
What do the nostrils lead to anteriorly ?
The vestibule
What makes the roof of the nasal cavity ?
sphenoid bone
cribriform plate
nasal spine of the frontal bone
of what bone is the cribriform plate a part of ?
the ethmoid bone
What are the conchae ?
3 scroll like elevations from the lateral wall of the nose
The superior and middle conchae are extensions of which bone ?
the ethmoid bone
What do the conchae overly ?
meati
What is the space above the superior concha ?
the sphenoethmoidal recess
What is the nasal septum made of ?
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the
vomer (post)
What do secretions from nasal mucosa drain through ?
ostia
What is hiatus semilunaris ?
a curved depression in the middle meatus
What is bulla ethmoidalis ?
a swelling superior to the hiatus semilunaris
Which sinus is the biggest ?
maxillary
What is the roof of the maxillary sinus ?
floor of the orbit
What is the floor of the maxillary sinus ?
the palatine process of maxilla
Why can sinusitis manifest as toothache ?
maxillary air sinus and teeth have a common nerve supply
What does the maxillary air sinus drain into ?
hiatus semilunaris and the middle meatus
Where is the ostium of the maxillary air sinus ?
high up in the medial wall of the nose
Where is the frontal sinus ?L
Lies in the frontal bone and behind the supercilairy arches
What does the frontal sinus drain into ?
hiatus semilunaris
middle meatus
What is superior to the sphenoidal air sinus ?
the pituitary fossa
What does the sphenoidal air sinus drain into ?
sphenoethmoidal recess
Where are the ostia of the sphenoidal air sinus ?
in the body of the sphenoid
Where are the ethmoidal air cells ?
they are lateral to the lateral wall of the nose and their opening lie under the concha
What are the types of ethmoidal air cells ?
anterior
middle
posterior
Where do the anterior ethmoidal air cells drain into ?
middle meatus - hiatus semilunaris
Where do the posterior ethmoidal air cells drain into ?
superior meatus
Where do the middle ethmoidal air cells drain into ?
middle meatus
What are the articular surfaces of the TMJ and the disc made of ?
fibrocartilage
What are the structures related to the deep surface of the parotid gland ?
styloid process and stylopharyngeus , styloglossus and stylohyoid.
upper parts of the carotid sheath
