Restriktive Kardiomyopathie (RCM) Flashcards

1
Q

Was ist die seltenste idiopathische Form der Kardiomyopathie in unseren Breiten?

A

Restriktive Kardiomyopathie (RCM)

Bei einer Prävalenz von weniger als 5% und einem Verhältnis von Frauen zu Männern von 2:1.

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2
Q

Was sind die klinischen Leitbefunde der restriktiven Kardiomyopathie?

A

Herzinsuffizienz, nichthypertrophierter, nichtdilatierter Ventrikel, gestörte diastolische Funktion

Charakterisiert durch Behinderung der Ventrikelfüllung und meist erhaltene systolische Funktion.

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3
Q

Was ist die Pathologie der restriktiven Kardiomyopathie?

A

Myokarderkrankung mit diffuser endomyokardialer Fibrose

Beeinträchtigt einen oder beide Ventrikel und behindert die diastolische Ventrikelfüllung.

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4
Q

Wie wird die restriktive Kardiomyopathie nach Ätiologie eingeteilt?

A

• Idiopathische RCM
• Familiäre genetische RCM
• Spezifische RCM

Zu den familiären genetischen RCM zählen Sarkomer-Protein-Mutationen, familiäre Amyloidose, Fabry-Krankheit usw.

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5
Q

Nennen Sie typische Symptome der restriktiven Kardiomyopathie.

A

Belastungsdyspnoe, rasche Ermüdbarkeit, Ödeme, Angina pectoris

Biventrikuläre Herzinsuffizienz ist häufig, insbesondere bei der myokardialen Form.

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6
Q

Was sind die typischen EKG-Befunde bei restriktiver Kardiomyopathie?

A

Häufig abnormale EKGs, QRS-Veränderungen, atriale/ventrikuläre Arrhythmien

Es gibt keinen pathognomonischen Befund.

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7
Q

Was zeigt die Echokardiografie bei restriktiver Kardiomyopathie?

A

Endokardiale Verdickung, Obliteration des Ventrikelkavums, Ventrikelthromben

Typisch ist auch eine dilatierte linke und rechte Vorhof.

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8
Q

Füllen Sie die Lücke aus: Die häufigste Form der restriktiven Kardiomyopathie ist die _______.

A

kombinierte Form

Diese zeigt meist endokardiale Beteiligung und umgekehrt.

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9
Q

Was sind die häufigsten Differenzialdiagnosen der restriktiven Kardiomyopathie?

A

Pericarditis constrictiva, Perikardtamponade, Ebstein-Anomalie

Auch spezifische Herzmuskelerkrankungen wie Amyloidose und Hämochromatose.

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10
Q

Was ist das typische hämodynamische Muster bei restriktiver Kardiomyopathie?

A

Dip-Plateau-Muster, LVEDP > RVEDP

Dies unterscheidet sich von der Pericarditis constrictiva.

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11
Q

Welche Therapieoptionen sind bei restriktiver Kardiomyopathie verfügbar?

A

Kons. Ther.: Diuretika, Antikoagulation; Chir. Ther.: Endokarddekortikation, MK-, TK-Ersatz

Die chirurgische Therapie hat eine hohe OP-Letalität, aber gute klinische Ergebnisse.

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12
Q

Wie verläuft die restriktive Kardiomyopathie natürlicherweise?

A

Relativ langes präsympt. Intervall, chronisch progredienter Verlauf

Schlechte Prognose bei fortgeschrittener Erkrankung (2-J.-Letalität: 50%).

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13
Q

What is the natural course of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC)?

A

Relatively long asymptomatic interval followed by chronic progressive course with poor prognosis in advanced disease (2-year mortality: 50%)

ARVC often manifests in young adults and is associated with significant risks.

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14
Q

What are the main criteria for diagnosing ARVC?

A
  • RV dilation
  • Reduction of RV ejection fraction
  • Regional RV akinesia or dyskinesia (aneurysms)
  • Regional RV dilation
  • Fibrolipomatous replacement of myocardium in biopsy and/or MRI

Diagnosis requires specific imaging and biopsy findings.

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15
Q

What is the gender ratio of ARVC prevalence?

A

3:1 (men to women)

This reflects a higher incidence in males.

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16
Q

What are the common clinical manifestations of ARVC?

A
  • Palpitations
  • Unclear syncope
  • Pulmonary hypertension (PHT)
  • Symptoms of heart failure (exercise dyspnea, peripheral edema)

Patients may present with varied symptoms, often related to arrhythmias.

17
Q

What is the typical pathological finding in ARVC?

A

Partial or complete replacement of RV myocardium by fat and fibrous tissue

This typically occurs in the dysplasia triangle region.

18
Q

What is the inheritance pattern of ARVC?

A

Mostly autosomal dominant, less frequently recessive

Genetic mutations are often involved, with incomplete penetrance.

19
Q

What are the non-invasive diagnostic methods for ARVC?

A
  • ECG: QRS widening, T-negative changes
  • Echocardiography: RV dilation, wall motion abnormalities
  • MRI: RV dilation with hypokinesia

These methods help identify structural and electrical abnormalities.

20
Q

What is the gold standard for invasive diagnosis of ARVC?

A

Myocardial biopsy to characterize tissue

This is crucial for confirming fibrolipomatous replacement.

21
Q

What should be considered in the differential diagnosis of RV tachycardia?

A
  • Uhl disease
  • RV myocarditis
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)
  • Idiopathic causes

Differential diagnosis is important to exclude other conditions with similar presentations.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: The typical age of manifestation for ARVC is around the _______.

A

30th year of life

This is when symptoms are most commonly observed.

23
Q

True or False: A normal resting ECG rules out ARVC.

A

False

A normal ECG does not exclude the possibility of ARVC.

24
Q

What are the therapeutic options for ARVC?

A
  • Treatment of right heart failure
  • Beta-blockers or Amiodarone for arrhythmias
  • ICD implantation for high-risk patients
  • Catheter ablation of arrhythmogenic focus

Treatment strategies depend on clinical findings and risk stratification.

25
Q

What are the characteristic EKG changes in ARVC?

A
  • QRS widening
  • T-negative changes
  • Epsilon potential in 20%

These EKG changes are indicative but not exclusively diagnostic.