respiration

Question 1

oxidized and reduced (electron carriers and the reaction)

Answer 1

02 reduced to water, sugar oxidized to CO2
NADH is reduced, FADH2 reduced

Question 2

define electron carriers

Answer 2

are used to transport electrons from one place to another

Question 3

2 ways ATP is made and explain

Answer 3

chemiosmosis: H+ gradient formed by electron transport chain and H+ crosses membrane through an enzyme (ATP synthase)

substrate level phosphorylation: phosphate transferred from organic molecule to ADP

Question 4

define electron transport chain and 3 things it does

Answer 4

is a series of proteins on a membrane

1. it accepts electrons from electron carriers
2. energy from electrons used to actively transport H+ across membrane
3. reduces energy of electrons

Question 5

final electron acceptor

Answer 5

O

Question 6

the first stage of respiration and what it produces (not including reactions, just in general)

Answer 6

glycolysis: splitting of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

ATP (from chemiosmosis or substrate level phosphorylation) and NADH produced

Question 7

pyruvate oxidation (explain pyruvic and pyruvate)

Answer 7

pyruvate is an acid that lost an H+

pyruvic is an acid and is converted into a 2-carbon compound before it enters the Krebs cycle)

Question 7

the two sets of reactions in glycolysis

Answer 7

energy input: addition of phosphates to glucose (requires energy)

energy removal: removal of phosphates onto ATP and removal of electrons

Question 8

kreb (citric acid) cycle

Answer 8

electrons transferred to carriers
CO2 and ATP produced
FADH2 feeds electron into electron transport chain

Question 9

inputs, and produces… (krebs)

Answer 9

2 acetyl, and COA enters

produce 2 ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH

Question 10

feedback control

Answer 10

regulates rates of reactions. the concentration of product constant

Question 11

feedback control in respiration

Answer 11

inhibits 3rd step of glycolysis (AMP, aedenosine monophosphate) and the main regulator of ATP production

increase levels of ATP and one of the products in krebs.

Question 12

what happens if no O2

Answer 12

fermentation
-is oxidation of organic compounds in absence of O

causes build up of NADH and drop in NAD+

Question 13

2 fermentation processes to remove the electrons from NADH using pyruvic acid

Answer 13

alcohol: removes electrons from NADH using pyruvic acid to produce ethanol
lactid acid: converts pyruvic acid to lactate

Question 14

other electron acceptors in prokaryotes without oxygen

Answer 14

metals, sulfur compounds, and OG molecules
allows them to live in oxygen free environment without O2 but still use electron transport chain

Question 15

poisons that disrupt mitochondria

Answer 15

1. electron transport chain disrupters
2. atp synthase blockers
3. uncouplers

Question 16

overall energy production

Answer 16

each NADH yeilds 2.5 atp
each FADH2 yeilds 1.5 atp