Phylogenetics

Question 1

taxonomy
what can it be categorized by…

Answer 1

naming and categorizing things based on shared traits

1. morphological traits (physical) fin vs hand
2. developmental features/processes (use of energy/ how species break down molecules)
3. molecular (protein/gene sequence)

Question 2

hierarchical system of taxonomy
(hierarchical levels of classifications)

Answer 2

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 3

phylogentic vs cladistics

Answer 3

Phylogenetic: the historical evolutionary relationship of organisms

cladistics: deals with recent ancestor and descendants relationship of organisms.

Question 4

on phylogenetic tree what do nodes and tips of branches represent, sister taxa, root, outgroup, polytomy

Answer 4

represent common ancestor and divergence of two species (speciation event)

the species (taxon)

groups that share an immediate common ancestor

branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

a more distantly related group of organisms that serves as a reference

branch from which more than 2 groups emerge

Question 5

systematics and what they use

Answer 5

systematics classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

uses: fossils (bone structure like of fish and dino can show similarities)

morphological data- aka physical (size, shape, structure)

biochemical data (usually protein)

genetic data (more closely related if sequences are similar)
phylogenies also rely on the above info

Question 6

a phylogenetic tree dont need…

Answer 6

analogous traits (only homologous, DNA sequences, biochemical pathway- making of energy)

Question 7

homologous vs analogous

Answer 7

homo= same structure, different function (whale, human, cat limbs

ana= different structure, same function (moth, bat, bird wings) due to same solution of different problems- convergent evolution

Question 8

what/when to use clades

Answer 8

once identified useful characteristics to examine, you can organize phylogeny into clades (groups of related species)

Question 9

monophyletic vs paraphyletic vs polyphyletic clades

Answer 9

1. ancestor and all descendants (all)
2. ancestor and some descendants
3. no ancestor and only species distantly related

Question 10

shared derived character vs shared ancestral character

Answer 10

1. characteristic of particular clade (not found in ancestor)
2. is a characteristic that originated in an ancestor
   sometimes can be both depending on context

Question 11

Parsimony

Answer 11

the simplest explanation is the most likely

the trees for this require the fewest changes/annotations