development

Question 1

germ lines

Answer 1

cells have different proteins and eventually develop into own type of cell (skin, muscle, bone, etc.)

Question 2

processes that occur in animal development

Answer 2

controlled cell division, cell specialization, cell heredity, morphogenesis

Question 3

what is cell specialization?

Answer 3

expression of different genes

Question 4

what is cell heredity?

Answer 4

once cell starts to express specific genes, all cells formed from that cell will only ever develop into specific cell types

Question 5

morphogenesis

Answer 5

spatial arrangement of specialized cells

Question 6

control over cell division

Answer 6

most eukaryote cells do not have the ability to divide.

Question 7

growth factorsand how it may be produced

Answer 7

these proteins must be present to complete cell cycle.

growth factors may be produced externally or internally to allow cells to pass checkpoints

Question 8

in eukaryotes what stage are most specialized cells in.

Answer 8

in the 1st part of interphase G1

Question 9

production of growth factors depends on…

Answer 9

conditions in and around the cell

Question 10

membrane proteins main functions in development

Answer 10

carry signals, cell recognition.
membrane proteins involved in cell recognition and signalling can intereact with growth factors

Question 11

cancer results when…

Answer 11

cells dividing too much. proteins producing a signal for cell division without a growth factor (no checkpoints)

Question 12

example of skin cells with growth factors

Answer 12

divides until surrounded by other cells, if cells are removed, growth factors are produced and cell division occurs

Question 13

when does cell specialization occur

Answer 13

through the turning off and on (expression) of genes

Question 14

order of cell specialization

Answer 14

undifferentiated cell———> germ layer——> tissue cells with similar function—–> speicalized cell

Question 15

3 processes that lead to specialization: chromatin (DNA and histones) packaging

Answer 15

adding methyl (CH3) to histobes causes chromatin to condense preventing transcription

adding acetyl (COH3) causes chromatin to unravel

Question 16

3 processes that lead to specialization: single gene activation and when this happens

Answer 16

inactivation of X/Y chromosomes
whole chromosome condensed preventing transcription

maternal or paternal chromosomes are deactivated at random

happens when zygote has started to divide. all daughter cells have some chromosome deactivated

results in regions of organism with different alleles expressed (dog with 2 colours)

Question 17

methylation and cytosine prevents…

and during DNA replication…

Answer 17

methylation and cytosine prevents transcription

methylation states are copied to new DNA strands

Question 18

2 forms of heredity within organisms

Answer 18

1. genetic code
2. cell state (contents of cytoplasm and inactivated genes- epigenetic)

Question 19

what does inactivation genes result in?

Answer 19

cell heredity and increasing levels of specialization

once a cell enters a level of specialization, it cant change into anything else

Question 20

for gamete production is the inactivation of genes removed?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

cell specialization in plants

Answer 21

only regions have cells that divide

these cells can develop into any type of specialized cell because genes have not been inactivated.

(only happens during animal development)

Question 22

gene expression
in prokaryotes

Answer 22

genes involved in related functions are grouped by operons

regulatory proteins can bind other molecules. this binding affects their ability to attach to the operator region of a gene

Question 23

operator

Answer 23

binds with regulatory protein, preventing transcription

Question 24

genes involved in building organic molecules are associated with…

Answer 24

repressible operons.
-gene expression is blocked when the product of the metabolic pathway is present

Question 25

genes involved in breaking down organic molecules are associated with

Answer 25

inducible operons
ex: lactose operon presence allows for transcription to occur

Question 26

2 types of feedback control in metabolic activity

Answer 26

feedback inhibition (quick)
gene expression (slow)

Question 27

2. gene expression in eukaryotes

Answer 27

contents of cytoplasm of fertilized egg not equally distributed

after cell division, daughter cells have different proteins and RNA’s resulting them to express different genes

most genes are in an active state

Question 28

many__________ may be required for transcription to take place.

these_______ intereact with ________ near the gene

Answer 28

regulatory proteins

proteins, DNA

Question 29

some of the non coding DNA is involved in the…

Answer 29

regulation of gene expression

Question 30

oncogene

Answer 30

gene that causes cancer

Question 31

4 processes resulting in oncogene

Answer 31

gene moved (translocated) to a region of the chromosome that is more expressed

gene duplicated producing more cell growth factor

mutations to promotor region, resulting in increased transcription

mutation to gene that make it more effective in promoting cell division

Question 32

controlling gene expression at the mRNA level

Answer 32

most DNA on chromosomes dont code for amino acids.

some of the non-coding DNA is used to make microRNA’s

some microRNA’s bind with mRNA, degrading it or block its trabslation.