anatomy and physiology

Question 1

surface area for single celled vs multi celled

Answer 1

1. have enough sa for v
2. sa increasing v- every cell needs nutrients

Question 2

organization of body plans

Answer 2

cells- tissues- organs- organ systems

Question 3

4 main tissues

Answer 3

epithelial: live in cavities
connective: holds tissue, bones, etc.
muscle: skeletal (smooth for esph/gut)
nervous: signal neurons

Question 4

control and coordination (endocrine and nervous system)

Answer 4

endocrine and nervous system
-hormones and electrical/chemical signals

endocrine:
-hormones travel everywhere but only respond to particular receptors
-speed varies and response may be long lasting

nervous system
-fast, can be long/short distance
-travel along axons
-nerve impulses travel to a specific target

Question 5

regulating and conforming

Answer 5

conformers= internal conditions change w/ external changes

regulators= maintain internal conditions under external changes

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

Maintaining relative constant eternal conditions under external changes

Question 7

Sensor and response

Answer 7

Senses internal conditions or a stimulus and compares to set point

Return to set point (negative feedback)

Question 8

Set points can change by…

Answer 8

Time of day, genetics, parental environment

Question 9

Acclimation vs acclimatization vs adaptation

Answer 9

adjustments made to a single environmental factor

Adjustments made to multiple environmental factors

Adjustments made to environmental factors over generations

Question 10

Thermoregulation

Answer 10

Temperature controls reaction speed (enzymes) and membrane fluidity

responsible for maintaining a steady internal body temperature

Maintain heat gain w/ heat loss

Question 11

Thermoregulation- 2 types

Answer 11

Ectotherm: heat sourced from environment (have to move) (less food needed)

Endotherm: uses internal metabolic processes for heat

Question 12

Variation in temp:
Poikilotherm and hemeotherm

Answer 12

Body temp varies w/ environment (hibernating animals)
Ex: bird

Body temperature does not vary w/ environment- remains constant

Question 13

Heat exchanged by

Answer 13

Conduction, convection, evaporation, radiation

Question 14

Heat transfers from

Answer 14

High to low heat

Question 15

Mammals integumentary systems

Answer 15

Hair, nails, skin

Question 16

Regulatory adaptations

Answer 16

Insulation- skin, feathers, fur, blubber, etc reduces heat loss

Evaporation heat loss, sweating, panting

Behavioural responses (posture, huddling, alter habitat)

Adjusting metabolic heat production (shivering)

Circulatory

Question 17

Adjusting metabolic heat production

Answer 17

Thermogenesis: shivering, moving

produce thermogenin protein ouse mitochondria to produce neat
(rather than ATP)
* varies among mammals

Question 18

Circulatory adaptations

Answer 18

Alternating the amount of blood flowing in extermities and or body core

Vasodilation: relaxing blood vessels to increase blood flow to skin

Vasoconstriction: constricting blood vessels to decrease blood flow to skin

Question 19

Counter current heat exchange

Answer 19

Transfer for heat flowing in opp direction in vessels

Question 20

Metabolic rate

Answer 20

Energy needed to maintain life

Energy changes with activity you do

Question 21

Basel vs standard metabolic rate

Answer 21

Metabolic rate of endotherm at rest (normal temp)

Metabolic rate of ectotherm at rest (specific temp)

larger animals need more energy
if per gram- smaller animals need more energy

Question 22

osmoregulation:

Answer 22

controlling solute and balancing water loss/gained

excreting nitrogenous waste and other waste products

Question 23

How to water and solutes move

Answer 23

Passive (membrane fluidity and proteins) and active transport (energetically expensive)- proteins

Question 24

Osmotic strategies: osmocomformer vs osmoregulator

Answer 24

Conforms to environmental osmalarity (same osmolarity as ocean), constantly loosing water

Regulates an internal osmolarity that is different from osmolarity of environment, drinks lots of water, get rid of salt by gills,kidney, etc.

Question 25

Tolerance to osmotic change: stenohaline and euryhaline

Answer 25

Very sensitive to fluctuations in external osmolarity

Can tolerate large fluctuations in external osmolarity

Tolerance does not tell which osmotic strategy animal uses

Question 26

Tolerance to osmolarity: freshwater (osmoconformer)

Answer 26

Too much water, eats to gain salt, most animals are osmoregulators since cant deal w/ low salt []

Drink almost no water
Very diluted urine
Salt uptake through gills

Question 27

How land animals prevent dehydration

Answer 27

Shells (snails)
Waxy exoskeleton (insect)
Behaviour, kidney adaptations, drinking/eating, and cellular respiration