Reproductive Health Flashcards
define fertility
measure of reproductive output
usually expressed as fertility rate ie 2.4 births per woman
what is fecundity
potential to reproduce (may have no children yet)
when was the first IVF baby
1978
what are the different types of maternal deaths
maternal death - death from pregnancy or 42 days after birth from related causes
direct - death from direct obstetric complications
indirect - death from existing disease or that developed during not due to obstetric causes but aggravated by pregnancy
late - between 42 and 1 year after birth - direct or indirect causes
coincidental - unbelted causes which happen when pregnant
what types of maternal death is more common
indirect rather than direct
what is the most common cause for maternal death
cardiac disease (indirect)
what is the most common direct maternal death down to least
most thrombosis haemorrhage amniotic fluid embolism genital tract sepsis PET early pregnancy anaesthesia
what are the two antibiotics that were used for pregnancy and what happened when it changed
sulphonamides pre 1935
penicillins in the 1940’s greatly reduced maternal mortality rates
what number of women dies due to pregnancy related reasons in developing countries
1 in 16
what did semmelweis do
developed antiseptic techniques greatly reducing pregnancy deaths
what is endometritis and what are the symptoms
infection of the uterus - more common following section
fever, malaise, rigors, headache, abdominal pain, offensive loch (discharge), secondary post parte, haemorrhage
what organisms can cause endometritis
mainly group A Streptococcus
gram + -> staph and enterococcus
gram - -> E coli
anaerobes - peptococcus and peptostreptococcus
signs and symptoms of DVT, investigations and management
unilateral calf pain redness / swelling shortness of breath or chest pain investigations - ECG, leg dopplers, VQ scan vs CTPA management - LMWH / Warfarin
what is PPH
post partum haemorrhage
sudden and profuse blood loss or persistent increased blood loss
faintness dizziness
palpitations/tachyacrdia
what are the causes of PPH
tone
trauma
tissue/infection
thrombin
