GIT test questions

Question 1

where are the inferior epigastric vessels located

Answer 1

medial to the deep inguinal ring and the ductus deferent courses around them to enter the pelvis

Question 2

what are these words associated with 
mastication 
migrating motor complex 
peristalsis 
reverse peristalsis 
segmentation

Answer 2

physical breakdown of food 
clearance of residual fragments 
movement of material along the length of the gut aborally 
vomiting 
mixing of food with digestive enzymes

Question 3

cholera causes loss of large amounts of..

Answer 3

water and sodium

Question 4

what must be given in an ORT to see benefit

Answer 4

glucose

Question 5

how does glucose and sodium enter the gut and movement of water

Answer 5

via symporter which cause decreasing water potential in cells causing water to move via osmosis into them

Question 6

what does the coeliac trunk supply

Answer 6

the foregut

Question 7

above the umbilicus what is the relationship in aponeurosis and rectus abdominus

Answer 7

aponeurosis of the transverses abdominus passes posterior to the rectus abdominus alongside the posterior layer of the internal oblique aponeurosis

Question 8

what can excess salt do to blood and what is the average

Answer 8

hypertension

2.3-3.5 g/day

Question 9

when would you need to biopsy for someone with bleeding peptic ulcer

Answer 9

older age - risk of cancer
weight loss
start on pantoprazole and test for h pylori

Question 10

where do you find these structures 
ampulla of vater 
appendix 
mocked diverticulum 
place circulae
taeniae

Answer 10

duodenum 
caecum 
ileum 
jejunum 
stomach 
transverses colon

Question 11

what are common symptoms in someone with bmi over 30

Answer 11

hypertension 
CVD (MI/stroke) 
type 2 diabetes (not type 1) 
colon cancer 
osteoarthritis

Question 12

what can lack of iron or fit b12 cause

Answer 12

anaemia through bleeding peptic ulcer

Question 13

what are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer

Answer 13

epigastric pain (upper abdomen) heart burn 
lethargy 
haematemesis 
malaena
shortness of breath/fainting
anaemia 
high blood urea

Question 14

what is H pylori, who is most vulnerable and what does it produce/do

Answer 14

gram negative spiral bacterium
devleophing countries in older people
produces urease which breaks down urea, produces Vac and Can A - (role not understood)

Question 15

describe the course of infection from H pylori

Answer 15

gastric inflammation
(gastritis)
due to stimulation of immune system - increased gastrin release and decreased somatostatin which increase gastric secretion causing inflammation

Question 16

what are the stores of energy which we can break down

Answer 16

only carbohydrates and fat

Question 17

what is the energy source in starvation

Answer 17

protein - broken down to amino acids

Question 18

what does a growing child need in terms of nitrogen balance

Answer 18

positive nitrogen balance

Question 19

why do we require eating of some fats from diet

Answer 19

so that we can tun them into signalling molecules such as prostaglandins as we cannot synthesise them normally

Question 20

what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins

Answer 20

ADEK

Question 21

what can folate deficiency cause in pregnant women

Answer 21

neural tube defects leading to spina bifida

Question 22

what are the most common mineral deficiencies

Answer 22

iron iodine and zinc

Ca def is less common

Question 23

during physical herniation what happens to the midgut

Answer 23

rotates 90 digress anticlockwise

Question 24

what is the total movement of the midgut during development

Answer 24

rotates 270 digress anti-clockwise

Question 25

what happens after rotation of the midgut is complete

Answer 25

the villitine duct degenerates

Question 26

what happens to the stomach during development

Answer 26

rotates 90 digress clockwise

Question 27

what is bilious vomiting a sign of

Answer 27

congenital pyloric stenosis

Question 28

what is the distal half of the duodenum derived from

Answer 28

midgut

Question 29

what does the cranial limb of the primary intestinal loop form

Answer 29

distal duodenum, jejunum, and proximal ileum

Question 30

what is the villitine duct continuous with

Answer 30

mid gut

Question 31

what in the gut is derived from the visceral mesoderm

Answer 31

smooth muscle and connective tissue of the gut tube

Question 32

what does someone readiness to start a diet depend on

Answer 32

motivation
circumstances
understanding f what is required
realistic expectations

Question 33

what are 4 examples of a peptidase which started as a proenzyme

Answer 33

carboxypeptidase A
chytrypsin
pepsin
trypsin

Question 34

how does active transport in the gut take place

Answer 34

must occur via the tranceellular pathway

requires membrane proteins and use to ATP

Question 35

what is secondary active transport and give an example

Answer 35

involves one passive step and one active step
sodium linked uptake of glucose
passive uptake of Na and Glucose through apical membrane but driven by sodium potassium ATP on basal membrane

Question 36

describe the process of salvia production

Answer 36

two stage - primary secretion in the acini similar to plasma in concentration and content
primary fluid is modified as it passes through the duct which reabsorb salt and secrete bicarbonate

Question 37

what is the characteristic of the final fluid of saliva

Answer 37

hypotonic and alkaline

Question 38

what effect does the para symp and symp have on saliva production

Answer 38

both increases production of saliva
para produces more watery saliva which is enzyme rich
symp produces thicket mucus rich saliva

Question 39

what must happen to protein before it is absorbed in the small intestine

Answer 39

hydrolysed to amino acids