CardioVascular System Anatomy

Question 1

what is the basic function of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

maintain a constant internal environment - homeostasis

Question 2

what is the vessel travel from the aorta to the superior/inferior vena cave

Answer 2

aorta - artery - arterioles - capillary bed in organs - venules, veins, superior/inferior vena cava

Question 3

what are the basic components of the CVS

Answer 3

2 pumps
closed system of tubes
two circulations systemic and pulmonary
left side is oxygenated by right side is deoxygenated

Question 4

what are the two functional parts of the CVS

Answer 4

conducting - vasculature tubes ie arteries and veins
exchange system = capillary beds - link smallest arterioles to smallest venules - forms continuous exchange system between blood and ECF

Question 5

which vessels enter the right atria

Answer 5

superior and inferior vena cava

Question 6

which vessels enter the left atria

Answer 6

pulmonary veins from lungs and systemic circulation

Question 7

what are the valves in the heart, aorta, pulmonary artery

Answer 7

right side is tricuspid valve (atrioventricular valve)
left side is bicuspid valve (mitral valve)
aorta / pulmonary artery - semi lunar valves

Question 8

what is the heart surrounded by

Answer 8

inside a pericardial sac

Question 9

what separates the left and right atria

Answer 9

intra-atrial septum - stops blood mixing

Question 10

what do the pectinate muscles in the atria do (rough part)

Answer 10

stop over distention of the atria and helps pumping of blood into ventricles

Question 11

what is the fossa ovalis

Answer 11

only present in the right atria
it is a remnant of a thin fibrous sheet that covers the foramen oval during fetal development - used to bypass the lungs before the heart pumps and oxygenation can occur - oxygen comes from mother at this point

Question 12

where does the coronary sinus drain in to

Answer 12

right atria from heart layers

Question 13

what are the three tissues present inside the right ventricle that helps with contraction and prevents herniation of blood back into atria

Answer 13

trabeculae carnae which turn into papillary muscles which are attached to cordae tendinae (valve)

Question 14

what are the there parts to the aorta

Answer 14

ascending
arch - H&N and UL
descending - trunk and LL

Question 15

in the aortic arch which vessels emerge

Answer 15

carotid arteries which supply the head and neck

subclavian arteries which supply the upper limb

Question 16

what does the brachiocephalic truck split into

Answer 16

right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

Question 17

describe the coronary circulation

Answer 17

from ascending aorta there is a left and right coronary artery
supply oxygen to heart tissue and SAN/AVN
the left splits into the circum flex, marginal and anterior interventrciular
the right splits into the marginal arteries which feeds into the posterior interventricular artery

Question 18

what would sudden blockage lead to in the coronary arteries

Answer 18

inadequate blood supply - ischaemia which can leads to myocardial infarction and necrosis

Question 19

how can you fix blockage in coronary artery

Answer 19

use a bypass to skip the block and reestablish blood supply

Question 20

what are the three types of vessels that come out of the descending aorta

Answer 20

Ventral - unpaired arteries to GIT such as coeliac trunk (in front of the aorta)
Paired - usually lateral to descending aorta such as to paired organs ie kidneys and gonads
Paired segmental to the body wall such as intercostal arteries

Question 21

what is coarctation of the aorta

Answer 21

abnormal narrowing (stenosis) which leads to collateral circulation

Question 22

during stenosis of the aorta which is the common pathway to resolve this

Answer 22

aorta narrowing
more pressure and more blood through subclavian artery which feed into anterior intercostal arteries
these anastomose with posterior intercostal arteries which emerge form the aorta and then travel back down to the lower limb

Question 23

which vertebrae do these structures pass through the diaphragm
oesophagus
aortic hiatus
inferior vena cava

Answer 23

T10
T12
T8

Question 24

which pairs of arteries supply the upper and lower limb

Answer 24

upper limb - subclavian

lower limb - external iliac

Question 25

what does the subclavian artery turn into

Answer 25

subclavian - axillary - brachial

Question 26

what does the brachial artery split into

Answer 26

radial and ulnar artery

Question 27

what does the external iliac artery turn into

Answer 27

external iliac - femoral artery - posterior tibial artery - anterior tibial artery

Question 28

why are lower limb veins clinically important

Answer 28

superficial veins allow for coronary bypass

can have DVT

Question 29

which veins feed into the superior vena cava

Answer 29

subclavian vein and brachiocephalic vein

Question 30

which veins feed into the inferior vena cava

Answer 30

deep veins accompanying arteries - short saphenous vein - long saphenous vein - femoral - common iliac

Question 31

what is the anatomy and role of deep veins

Answer 31

they surround and accompany arteries usually in doubles or triples ie radial artery surrounded by radial veins
also help maintain core body temp as countercurrent heat exchanger

Question 32

what is the process of lymphatic drainage from lymphatic plexie to venous system

Answer 32

lymphatic plexus amongst capillaries 
lymphatic vessels alongside arteries 
lymph nodes 
thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct 
venous system

Question 33

what is the role of the lymphatic system

Answer 33

thin wall tubes that transport interstitial fluid, bacteria, cellular debris and while cells (lymphocytes)

Question 34

what is the association between lymph and spread of carcinomas

Answer 34

patterns of lymph flow are important to detect or track back primary tumour