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Body Systems > Embryology of the reparatory system > Flashcards

Embryology of the reparatory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the point of transition between the upper and respiratory tract

A

the larynx

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2
Q

what are the structures of the upper respiratory tract

A

nasal cavities
nasopharynx
oropharynx
(larynx)

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3
Q

what are the structures of the lower respiratory pathway

A 
(larynx) 
trachea 
bronchi 
bronchioles 
terminal bronchioles 
respiratory bronchioles 
alveolar ducts 
a sacs 
alveoli
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4
Q

where does the respiratory portion start

A

reparatory bronchioles - alveoli

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5
Q

which germ layer produces the inner epithelia and the connective structures of the lungs

A

inner epithelia - endoderm

connective structure - mesoderm

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6
Q

which part of the gut tube does the respiratory diverticulum develop from

A

foregut in week 4

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7
Q

which day does the respiratory diverticulum appear

A

lung buds develop day 22

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8
Q

what direction do the lung buds grow

A

ventrocaudally

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9
Q

what separates the reparatory diverticulum from the oesophagus (foregut)

A

tracheosophageal ridges (except laryngeal inlet)

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10
Q

what is the orientation of the oesophagus and the trachea

A

trachea is anterior to the oesophagus

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11
Q

what is a fistula

A

an abnormal communication

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12
Q

what are the two types of malformations in development of the lungs

A

atresia with fistula 85-90%

fistula

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13
Q

why do malformations occur

A

incomplete division of foregut into oesophageal and respiratory proteins

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14
Q

what is an atresia

A

proximal closing off of the oesophagus

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15
Q

what is tracheoesophageal fistula with oesophageal atresia and what are the problems associated with it

A

upper oesophagus ends abruptly, lower oesophagus forms fistula with trachea - causes abdomen rapidly to distend as stomach fills with air
the atresia causes air sacs to be filled with milk and other contents from the stomach such as enzymes and acid

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16
Q

what is H type tracheoesphaogeal fistula

A

communication between oesophagus and trachea
approx 4% of cases
milk goes into respiratory system and causes infection

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17
Q

TOF are usually associated with other congenital abnormalities what are they

A 
V - vertebral defects 
A - anal atresia 
(C) - cardiac defects 
T - tracheooseophageal fistulas 
E - Esophageal atresia 
R - Renal abnormalities 
(L) - limb defects
18
Q

what happens in week 5 to the lungs

A

further growth and differentiation - formation of main bronchi and secondary bronchi (day 30)
3 on the right and 2 on the left

19
Q

what happens to development during the 6th week

A

tertiary bronchi - which each supply a bronchopulmonary segment
10 right and 8 left

20
Q

branching stages are different during development
what occurs at week 16
26
36

A

terminal bronchioles - 16
respiratori bronchioles - 26 (poor gas exchange can occur)
alveoli - 36

21
Q

what forms from the visceral mesoderm

A

cartilage, smooth muscle, connective tissue capillaries and visceral mesoderm

22
Q

what are the two formations of the pleura

A

visceral mesoderm - visceral pleura
parietal mesoderm - parietal pleura
lateral plate of the mesoderm forms the pleura

23
Q

what is pulmonary agenesis

A

failure for lung to form properly

occurs when lung bud fails to split causing complete absence of bronchi and vasculature

24
Q

what is the clinical presentation of pulmonary agenesis

A

child usually develops respiratory distress
remaining lung is compromised - usually lower respiratory tract infection
common with vertebra for rib anomalies

25
Q

what can happen to the lung in unilateral pulmonary agenesis

A

enlarge

26
Q

what is pulmonary hypoplasia

A

incomplete development of the lungs
severity determines extent of development
may be found in association with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

27
Q

what is branching morphogenesis

A

produce azygous lobe (extra lobe) - little functional difference

28
Q

what are the four periods of maturation of the lungs

A 
(embryonic)
pseudoglandular
canalicular 
saccular/terminal sac 
alveolar 
there is overlap between the stages
29
Q

what week does surfactant start to get produced

A

around the 25/26th week

30
Q

what is the difference in weeks of the embryonic and the fetal period

A

embryonic - 2-8 weeks

fetal - 8-38 weeks

31
Q

what happens during the pseudoglandular period and what is the rough time span of the period

A

5-17 weeks
branching of the respiratory tree has occurred to form terminal bronchioles (respiration still cannot occur - still part of the conduction pathway)

32
Q

what happens during the canalicular period and what is the rough time span

A

16-25 weeks
terminal bronchioles give rise to respiratory bronchioles which give rise to alveolar ducts
mesodermal tissue becomes highly vascularised
respiration possible towards the end of this period
towards the end of this period there is better prognosis for birth but low chance of fetal survival

33
Q

what is the rough time span of the terminal sac/ saccular period and what occurs

A

from week 26 until birth
primitive alveoli are developed
epithelium thins and capillaries come into contact with epi
blood air barrier formed
surfactant forms a film over the internal walls - facilitating inflammation of the lungs

34
Q

what does the epithelium differentiate into and in what period

A

saccular period - divides into type 1 neumocytes where gas exchange occurs
types 2 pneumocytes where surfactant is produced

35
Q

what is most likely to happen to a fetus born prematurely at 24 week s

A

respiratory distress syndrome

36
Q

what is the alveolar period

A

36 - 8 years
development of he lugs which increase in number of alveoli and respiratory bronchioles
95% of mature alveoli do not develop until after birth

37
Q

what happens to the lungs during birth

A

breathing starts in utero to remove amniotic fluid - kick starts respiration in muscles
remaining lung fluid is rapidly absorbed into capillaries

38
Q

what is the prime factor in prognosis if child is born prematurely

A

development of the lungs

39
Q

what is respiratory distress syndrome

A

eg birth at 23 weeks
laboured breathing
increased rate of breathing
mechanical ventilation needed
damage to alveolar lining as fluid and serum leak into alveoli
can lead to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (abnormal formation)

40
Q

what are the treatments for respiratory distress syndrome

A

glucocorticoid treatment accelerates fetal lung development and surfactant production
surfactant therapy - natural/artificial replacement - use surfactant A and B proteins)

41
Q

what is surfactant protein B deficiency

A

autosomal recessive loss of surf pros B which is fatal and need replacement therapy

Body Systems (77 decks)

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