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Body Systems > Embryology of the Gonads > Flashcards

Embryology of the Gonads Flashcards

1
Q

what is the genetic sex determined by

A

sperm

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2
Q

what is the SRY

A

sex-determining region of the Y chromosome

it is a gene which initiates the production of testis determine factor

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3
Q

what happens if there is no chromosome Y in sperm

A

no Y = no TDF - female development commences

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4
Q

what is the reproductive and urinary system derived from

A

intermediate mesoderm
urogenital ridge
then into the two separate systems

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5
Q

what weeks do the male and female gonads differentiate

A

weeks 5-6

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6
Q

what specifically forms the primitive sex cords

A

epithelium covering the urogenital ridge proliferates and penetrates the underlying mesoderm

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7
Q

what happens in week six in forming the genitalia

A

primordial cells migrate to genital ridge

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8
Q

what does the indifferent gonad be split into

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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9
Q

what is the fate of medullary and cortical region dependant on

A

TDF production

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10
Q

what are the difference in structures of developing male and female gonads
cortical cords
medullary cords
tunica albuginea

A

cc - develop in female but none in male
mc - develop in males but regress in females
ta - develop in males, no development tin females

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11
Q

what do the medullary cords in the testis turn into

A 
rete testis (hilum) 
seminiferous tubules
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12
Q

what is the tunica albuginea

A

in the 4th month it is a connective tissue that develops around the testes

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13
Q

what happens to development of the ovary between 7th week and 5th month

A

medullary cords degenerate
surface epithelium continues to proliferate and produces second generation cords - cortical cords
cortical cords split and surround oocytes
all oocytes are present at birth

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14
Q

at what week is the male and female gonad distinguishable

A

week 7

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15
Q

describe the start of the descent of the testes from the posterior abdominal wall in weeks 7-12

A

extrabdominal gubernaculum shortens pulling testis towards the anterior abdominal wall where they arrive at the internal inguinal ring from 3rd to 7th month

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16
Q

what happens after 7 months of pregnancy to the descent of the testes

A

gubernaculum shortens again pulling them through inguinal canal of abdominal wall - aided by pressure of growing organs
testes reach scrotum by 9th month just before birth

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17
Q

what happens within the first year of fetal growth to the processes vaginalis

A

obliterates leaving a remnant round the testes known as the tunica vaginalis

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18
Q

what are the 3 muscles of the inguinal wall

A 
transverses abdominus (and fascia ) 
internal / external oblique
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19
Q

what is the deep and superficial ring of the lingual canal

A

deep - entrance of inguinal canal and is located in transversals fascia
superficial - exit of inguinal canal and is located in external oblique

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20
Q

what are the coverings of the testes and where are they from

A

internally
internal spermatic fascia - from transversalis fascia
cremasteric fascia - from internal oblique muscle
external spermatic fasica - from external oblique muscle

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21
Q

what is a patent processes vaginalis and what are the clinical consequences

A

parts of the processes vaginalis may remain unfused leaving small cyst

cysts can produce fluid and swell - hydrocele
can be surgically removed

if the processes vaginalis remains open to abdominal cavity intestines may protrude through inguinal canal - indirect inguinal hernia

22
Q

what is transillumination in hydrocele

A

formed by clear fluid and therefore light can pass through it
if it were a hernia aor tumour light would be blocked by it

23
Q

what is cryptorchidism

A

affects 1-4% broths but most correct themselves at 3 months of age
undescended testicles - can be surgically corrected at 4-6 months

24
Q

what is cryptorchidism associated with

A

increased risk of testicular cancer and infertility

25
Q

describe the descent of the ovaries

A

descend to pelvic brim
gubernaculum passes through inguinal canal and inserts onto labia majora
persists in adult as the ovarian ligament proper and the round ligament of the uterus

26
Q

what is the development of the male genital ducts driven by

A

SRY gene

27
Q

what does the SRY gene encode

A

testis determining factor

28
Q

how do sertoli cells from

A

somatic support cells invest PGC’s with SRY gene and differentiate into sertoli cells

29
Q

what do sertoli cells do

A

secrete anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) - which causes degeneration of paramesonephric

30
Q

what do sertoli cells cause differentiation of

A

mesoderm of the gonad into leading cells

31
Q

what do leydig cells do

A

produce testosterone which promote maintenance and further development of the mesonephric ducts

32
Q

what does the mesonphrenic duct develop into

A

efferent ductules
epididymis
vas deferent
seminal vesicle

33
Q

parts of the paramesenophenic duct persist as what

A

appendix testis

utriculus prostaticus

34
Q

what happens in the absence of SRY

A

development of the genital ducts - no anti-mullerian hormone - paramesophric ducts remain
no testosterone - mesonephric ducts degenerate

35
Q

what do the three parts of the paramesonphric duct in females turn into

A

cranial and horizontal parts which become the uterine tubes

caudal parts fuse to from uterine canal

36
Q

what remnants of the uterine duct persist

A

check photos
epophoron
paraophoron
gartners cyst

37
Q

what does the cloaca in women divide into

A

urogenital sinus and anus

38
Q

how does the vagina form

A

urogenital sinus develops sinovaginal bulbs that fuse with caudal tips of paramesonphric ducts to from vagina

39
Q

what are 3 common abnormalities of the uterus

A

failure of paramesonphric ducts to fuse
failure of uterine septum to degenerate
failure of one paramesonephirc duct to elongate

40
Q

what percentage of woman have an abnormal uterus and what are the clinal consequences

A

1% of population - higher risk of miscarriage, premature delivery or dystocia (difficult birth)

41
Q

describe persistent mullein duct syndrome

A

affects genetic males
mutation in AMH gene
no AMH production so parameonephric ducts persist so both mesonephric and paramesonephric duct derivatives develop

normal male external genitalia but associated with crytorchodisim

42
Q

what are the indifferent stages of external genitalia development

A

mesoderm cells migrate surrounding cloacal membrane forming elevated cloacal folds
these unite to anteriorly to from genital tubercle ie either future penis or clitoris
cloacal folds divide into anal and urethral division
genital swellings appear next to urethral folds - which are future scrotum or labia

43
Q

what is the development of male external genitalia dependant on

A

androgens

44
Q

what does the genital tubercle elongate to form

A

phallus

45
Q

which direction do genital swellings enlarge and move towards

A

caudally

46
Q

describe the formation of the penal urethra

A

Urethral folds pulled forward and form lateral walls of the urethral groove
Urethral groove is lined by epithelium and form urethral plate
End of 3rd month - urethral folds close over urethral plate to form penile urethra

47
Q

what is hypospadia

A

incomplete fusion of urethral folds - urethra opens on ventral surface of penis
occurs in 3-5 out of 1000 births
difficulty urinating
can be repaired surgically using forsaken

48
Q

what is epispadia

A

usually result of urethra oping on the dorsal surface of the penis
1 in 30,000
results from the improper location of the genital tubercle posterior to urogenital sinus - urethral groove located on dorsal surface of the penis

49
Q

what is episadia commonly associated with

A

extrophy of the bladder

50
Q

what is the development of the external female genitalia dependant on

A

estrogens

51
Q

describe the formation of the external female genitalia

A

Genital tubercle elongates slightly to form clitoris
Urethral folds do NOT fuse - form labia minora
Genital swellings form labia majora
Urogenital groove remains open

52
Q

when can you start to tell the difference in fallus from male and female

A

from the 13th week

they are too similar for the first 12 weeks

Body Systems (77 decks)

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