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Body Systems > GIT Test > Flashcards

GIT Test Flashcards

1
Q 
what is the role of these substances 
Adrenaline
C peptide
glucagon
GLP-1
Insulin 
Somatostatin
A

ad - stimulates muscle cells to take up glucose during exercise
c - produced alongside insulin - can be used as a marker
glu - stimulate gluconeogenesis
GLP-1 - acts as an incretin - enhances insulin secretion
in - increases uptake of glucose by increasing amount of GLT-4
so - inhibits insulin secretion

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2
Q

what is the rate limiting step in the urea cycle

A

the formation of carbamoyl phosphate

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3
Q

what is the colon characterised by (muscle wise)

A

having 3 brands of longitudinal muscle (taenia coli)

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4
Q 
what is the role of these substances
ghrelin 
leptin 
alpha-melanocyte stim hormone 
neuropeptide y 
peptide yy
A

g - released from stomach between meals to increase hunger
l - produced by adipocytes in response to response to amount of fat to suppress hunger
aMSH - cleaved from POMC - anorexigenic signalling molecule - reduce appetite in hypothalamus
N-Y - orixogenic - enhance hunger in hypothalamus
peptide yy - released from distal ileum an dcolon in reposes to lipids, reduces gut motility and suppresses hunger

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5
Q

what type of hormone is GH

A

peptide hormone

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6
Q

describe the rate of secretion of GH

A

it is pulsatile but with higher peaks during deep sleep

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7
Q

what does deficiency of GH in childhood lead to

A

dwarfism

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8
Q

does deficiency in GH in adulthood cause disease

A

no

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9
Q

how does GH affect glucose

A

opposite effect on insulin and increases circulating glucose

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10
Q

what level is the rectosigmoid junction located

A

s3

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11
Q

what are T 3 and T4 made from

A

both contain 2 tyrosine residues but also contain 3 and T iodine molecules respectively

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12
Q

what happens to T4

A

converted to T3 in peripheral tissues which becomes more active than T4

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13
Q

what will a deficiency of thyroid hormone in infancy cause

A

mental retardation and impaired growth

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14
Q

why does a goitre for in low levels of TH in adulthood

A

low TH means overstimulation of TSH which has a trophic effect on the thyroid

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15
Q

what is the urorectal septum derived from

A

the mesoderm

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16
Q

what is the caudal 1/3 of the anal canal derived from

A

ectoderm

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17
Q

what is the innervation of the GIT derived from

A

neural crest cells

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18
Q

what forms the anorectal canal

A

the dorsal part of the cloaca

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19
Q

which viruses do not cause liver cirrhosis

A

hep A and HIV

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20
Q

which dietary fats are implicated to increasing the risk of CVD

A

saturated fats

apart from trans unsaturated which supposedly increases risk

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21
Q

what are the signs and symptoms indicative of type 1 diabetes

A 
tiredness 
blood glucose greater than 7 mmol/L
glucosuria with ketonuria
weight loss
polyuria 
thirst
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22
Q

what type of people are more common to get type 1 diabetes

A

young people

and northern European origin

23
Q

what type of people are more common to type 2 diabetes

A

older people
obese people
african or asian origin
family history

24
Q

what are the comparative investigational findings of crohns vs UC

A

check photos

25
Q

meckals diverticulum is symptomatic in what percentage of cases

A

2%

26
Q

what is volvos of the midgut associated with

A

projectile vomiting

27
Q

what is lactose made from

A

galactose and glucose

28
Q

what is sucrose made form

A

fructose and glucose

29
Q

how much glucose is stored as glycogen after a meal and what is the other half used for

A

just under half the rest is used to generate ATP for th brain and muscles and some is converted to acetyl CoA used for fatty acid synthesis

30
Q

what happens to atp during the generating phase of glycolysis

A

atp is made but not used

atp is used in the preparative phase

31
Q

what are the two types of glycogen breakdown

A

in the liver it generates glucose which can leave the cell

in muscles its glucose 6 phosphate which cannot leave the cells

32
Q

where is haem metabolised and what is metabolised to and by

A

haem is metabolised to bilirubin in the liver by kuppfer cells in the liver but also in other organs such as the spleen

33
Q

what is bound to bilirubin the blood and why

A

albumin as it is very insoluble

34
Q

what happens to bilirubin once it is in the liver

A

conjugated with glucuronic acid and released into the GI tract in bile

35
Q

what happens to bilirubin after glucouronic conjugation in the liver and it is released into the GIT

A

metabolised by gut bacteria to form urobillogen

36
Q

what are the two pathways urobillogen can form

A

form stercobillin in the colon giving colour to faeces or travel to kidneys for conversion to urobillin which is excreted in urine

37
Q

what causes jaundice

A

deposition of bilirubin (not haem)

38
Q

which complex does NADH donate H to

A

complex 1

39
Q

which complex does DADh donate its H to

A

complex 2

40
Q

which complex does cyanide inhibit

A

4 which inhibits the entire transport chain

41
Q

what causes movements of hydrogen ions into the inter membrane space

A

the energy transferred to complexes 1 3 and 4

42
Q

can oxidation occur without atp

A

no ATP is required for oxidation to occur

43
Q

what do uncouplers do to oxidative phosphorylation

A

hydrogen ion gradient is destroyed because the uncoupler allows H+ to travel back across the membrane

44
Q

what does the spleen derive from and when does it appear

A

mesoderm derivatief formed from mesenchymal condensation in the dorsal mesentery in week 5

45
Q

what week does the liver start to produce bile

A

week 12

46
Q

what does the dorsal bud of the pancreas develop

A

the head body and tail of the pancreas

47
Q

what is formed by the ventral bud

A

the uncinate process

48
Q

where are payers patches found and what do they contain

A

found in the small intestine and contain both B and T lymphocytes

49
Q

what forms the GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)

A

peyers patches
tonsils
adenoids
appendix

50
Q

what are intra-epithelial lymphocytes mainly composed of

A

CD8 cells such as cytotoxic / killer T cells

51
Q

what immune cells are found amount the lamina propria in the GUT

A

B and T cells

mast cells

52
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency

A 
slow growth 
poor healing (lack of amino acids) 
susceptibility to infection 
abdominal bloating 
lower leg oedema
53
Q

what do deficiencies in specific amino acids causing reduction in nitrogen containing molecules lead to

A

anaemia and pale skin/hair

Body Systems (77 decks)

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