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Body Systems > GIT Test > Flashcards

GIT Test Flashcards

1
Q 
what is the role of these substances 
Adrenaline
C peptide
glucagon
GLP-1
Insulin 
Somatostatin
A

ad - stimulates muscle cells to take up glucose during exercise
c - produced alongside insulin - can be used as a marker
glu - stimulate gluconeogenesis
GLP-1 - acts as an incretin - enhances insulin secretion
in - increases uptake of glucose by increasing amount of GLT-4
so - inhibits insulin secretion

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2
Q

what is the rate limiting step in the urea cycle

A

the formation of carbamoyl phosphate

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3
Q

what is the colon characterised by (muscle wise)

A

having 3 brands of longitudinal muscle (taenia coli)

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4
Q 
what is the role of these substances
ghrelin 
leptin 
alpha-melanocyte stim hormone 
neuropeptide y 
peptide yy
A

g - released from stomach between meals to increase hunger
l - produced by adipocytes in response to response to amount of fat to suppress hunger
aMSH - cleaved from POMC - anorexigenic signalling molecule - reduce appetite in hypothalamus
N-Y - orixogenic - enhance hunger in hypothalamus
peptide yy - released from distal ileum an dcolon in reposes to lipids, reduces gut motility and suppresses hunger

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5
Q

what type of hormone is GH

A

peptide hormone

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6
Q

describe the rate of secretion of GH

A

it is pulsatile but with higher peaks during deep sleep

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7
Q

what does deficiency of GH in childhood lead to

A

dwarfism

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8
Q

does deficiency in GH in adulthood cause disease

A

no

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9
Q

how does GH affect glucose

A

opposite effect on insulin and increases circulating glucose

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10
Q

what level is the rectosigmoid junction located

A

s3

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11
Q

what are T 3 and T4 made from

A

both contain 2 tyrosine residues but also contain 3 and T iodine molecules respectively

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12
Q

what happens to T4

A

converted to T3 in peripheral tissues which becomes more active than T4

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13
Q

what will a deficiency of thyroid hormone in infancy cause

A

mental retardation and impaired growth

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14
Q

why does a goitre for in low levels of TH in adulthood

A

low TH means overstimulation of TSH which has a trophic effect on the thyroid

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15
Q

what is the urorectal septum derived from

A

the mesoderm

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16
Q

what is the caudal 1/3 of the anal canal derived from

A

ectoderm

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17
Q

what is the innervation of the GIT derived from

A

neural crest cells

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18
Q

what forms the anorectal canal

A

the dorsal part of the cloaca

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19
Q

which viruses do not cause liver cirrhosis

A

hep A and HIV

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20
Q

which dietary fats are implicated to increasing the risk of CVD

A

saturated fats

apart from trans unsaturated which supposedly increases risk

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21
Q

what are the signs and symptoms indicative of type 1 diabetes

A 
tiredness 
blood glucose greater than 7 mmol/L
glucosuria with ketonuria
weight loss
polyuria 
thirst
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22
Q

what type of people are more common to get type 1 diabetes

A

young people

and northern European origin

23
Q

what type of people are more common to type 2 diabetes

A

older people
obese people
african or asian origin
family history

24
Q

what are the comparative investigational findings of crohns vs UC

A

check photos

25
meckals diverticulum is symptomatic in what percentage of cases
2%
26
what is volvos of the midgut associated with
projectile vomiting
27
what is lactose made from
galactose and glucose
28
what is sucrose made form
fructose and glucose
29
how much glucose is stored as glycogen after a meal and what is the other half used for
just under half the rest is used to generate ATP for th brain and muscles and some is converted to acetyl CoA used for fatty acid synthesis
30
what happens to atp during the generating phase of glycolysis
atp is made but not used | atp is used in the preparative phase
31
what are the two types of glycogen breakdown
in the liver it generates glucose which can leave the cell | in muscles its glucose 6 phosphate which cannot leave the cells
32
where is haem metabolised and what is metabolised to and by
haem is metabolised to bilirubin in the liver by kuppfer cells in the liver but also in other organs such as the spleen
33
what is bound to bilirubin the blood and why
albumin as it is very insoluble
34
what happens to bilirubin once it is in the liver
conjugated with glucuronic acid and released into the GI tract in bile
35
what happens to bilirubin after glucouronic conjugation in the liver and it is released into the GIT
metabolised by gut bacteria to form urobillogen
36
what are the two pathways urobillogen can form
form stercobillin in the colon giving colour to faeces or travel to kidneys for conversion to urobillin which is excreted in urine
37
what causes jaundice
deposition of bilirubin (not haem)
38
which complex does NADH donate H to
complex 1
39
which complex does DADh donate its H to
complex 2
40
which complex does cyanide inhibit
4 which inhibits the entire transport chain
41
what causes movements of hydrogen ions into the inter membrane space
the energy transferred to complexes 1 3 and 4
42
can oxidation occur without atp
no ATP is required for oxidation to occur
43
what do uncouplers do to oxidative phosphorylation
hydrogen ion gradient is destroyed because the uncoupler allows H+ to travel back across the membrane
44
what does the spleen derive from and when does it appear
mesoderm derivatief formed from mesenchymal condensation in the dorsal mesentery in week 5
45
what week does the liver start to produce bile
week 12
46
what does the dorsal bud of the pancreas develop
the head body and tail of the pancreas
47
what is formed by the ventral bud
the uncinate process
48
where are payers patches found and what do they contain
found in the small intestine and contain both B and T lymphocytes
49
what forms the GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)
peyers patches tonsils adenoids appendix
50
what are intra-epithelial lymphocytes mainly composed of
CD8 cells such as cytotoxic / killer T cells
51
what immune cells are found amount the lamina propria in the GUT
B and T cells | mast cells
52
what are the signs and symptoms of protein deficiency
``` slow growth poor healing (lack of amino acids) susceptibility to infection abdominal bloating lower leg oedema ```
53
what do deficiencies in specific amino acids causing reduction in nitrogen containing molecules lead to
anaemia and pale skin/hair

Body Systems (77 decks)

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