Q8 quiz Flashcards
respiratory epithelium is? what kind of cells are embedded in it?
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelia
mucous cells embedded
olfactory epithelium is?
specialized neuroepithelium that allows us to sense smells through olfactory receptors
what are nasal conchae?
mucosa covered scroll like any shelves projecting towards the nasal septum on either side of the nasal cavity
what are nasal meatus
a narrow groove that allows the incoming air to bounce off conchal surfaces
4 function of paranasal sinuses
lighten skull, produce mucous, resonate when a person produces sound, warm/filter/humdifiy air to protect alveoli
what are the structures you “clear” when you pop your ears
the pharyngotympanic or auditory tubes connect the space that is deep to the pharynx - the tube is what you clear.
what Is the larynx
receives air from laryngopharynx
cylinder shaped containing hyaline and elastin cartilage
attached to hyoid bone and stabilized by ligaments and skeletal muscles
3 functions of larynx
open passage for air
prevent entry of liquid or food into respiratory tracts by the epiglottis
sounds production
function: moisten air entering lungs what structure (s)?
conchae, meatus, respiratory muscosa
function: warms air entering lungs what structure (s)?
conchae, meatus, respiratory mucosa
function: filters air entering lungs what structure (s)?
nasal hairs, mucus, cilia, respiratory epithelium
function: forms air passageway what structure (s)?
external nares, nasal septum, conchae, meatus, hard palate, internal nares, soft palate, naso/oro/laryngo-pharynx, trachea
function: prevents food from entering nasal cavity what structure (s)?
soft palate, uvula
function: forms passageway for food between mouth and esophagus what structure (s)?
oropharynx, laryngopharynx
function: part of the lymphatic system, "guards" lung entry what structure (s)?
tonsils: pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual
responsible for speech
vocal folds (cords) in the larynx
trachea’s mucous membrane composed of what two layer
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
loose connective tissue - lamina propria
trachea- is each cartilage a solid ring and why
no - allows change of shape when food passes through esophagus
how many secondary bronchus? tertiary?
secondary: 5 in total: 3 in right lung, 2 in left
tertiary: 18 or 19
how many alveoli per lung
150 million
external vs internal respiration?
external: gas exchange with alveoli and outside air
internal: gas exchange at the cellular level in the body
each lobe of the lung can be divided into smaller units called? (where a single treaty bronchus transports air)
bronchopulmonary segments
what body cavity separates the 2 pleural cavities within the thoracic cavity?
the mediastinum
what four major structures lie within the mediastinum
thymus gland, esophagus, trachea, heart
name for serous membranes in the thoracic cavity
pleura
pleural membrane covering lungs is called
visceral pleura
function of pleura?
optimal lungs function: pleural fluid acts as lubricant between membranes, lungs, rib cage and chest cavity
costal parietal pleura is found where?
sorts membrane covering inter wall, deep to the ribs
diaphragmatic parietal pleura
serous membrane covering the superior surface of the diaphragm.
5 functions of blood
transport dissolved gases - o2, in co2 out
transport nutrients from digestive tract/adipose tissue
transport waste to excretion sites
deliver enzymes/hormones
defence from pathogens (WBC)
two components of blood
plasma, formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)
what do RBC’s lack?
nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
three layers of blood vessel and what tissue present in each
innermost = intima = endothelial lining + underlying elastic CT middle = media = concentric layers of smooth muscle outermost = adventitia = connective tissue sheath
what are vaso vasorum
small arteries that supply the smooth muscles of large vessels with a blood supply
how to extinguish and artery from a vein?
vessel walls - arteries are THICC
valves - veins have arteries do not
lining - artery lining cannot contract, so endothelium folds instead when not under pressure, doesn’t happen this way in veins
systemic circuit pathway
aortic valve -body capillary beds - right atrium
pericardial sac is composed of
parietal pericardium and its outer ayer of dense irregular connective tissue (abundant with collagen fibres) called fibrous pericardium
coronary sulcus is?
surface landmark showing the separation between the atria and ventricles
coronary sinus is
enlarged vessel receiving de-oxygenated blood from heart muscle
anterior interventricular sinus is
surface landmark showing the separation between right and left ventricles, arteries and veins lie in it
left coronary artery does what
with the one on the right, arises from aorta and proved oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
targets of endocrine system
all tissues
onset/recovery ( how long)
gradual onset, slow recovery
cell type of endocrine system release hormones where
endocrine cells that are glandular secretary cells release hormones into interstitial fluids
what are hormones?
compound secreted by one cell that travels through the circulatory system to affect actives of cells in another part of the body.
what part of the brain connects endocrine and nervous systems
hypothalamus
what three mechanisms does the hypothalamus use to the regulate actives of the endocrine and part of the nervous system:
- indirectly by secreting regularity hormones into the pituitary which in turn secretes hormones with control other endocrine organs (liver, thymus, reproductive systems, adrenal glands)
- acts and as endocrine gland that directly releases two hormones : antidiuretic and oxytocin into circulation via the posterior pituitary gland. the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibular.
- exerts direct neural control over endocrine cells in the adrenal medulla. when sympathetic nervous system is activated, Nor and Epi are released.
thyroid gland secretes
thyroxine (T4)
parathyroid glands secrete what which does what
parathyroid hormone which increases calcium content in the blood
pineal gland produces what hormone
melatonin
thymus secrets
thymosin
Pancreas:
what cells produce insulin and what one produce glucagon
Pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans produce insulin in the beta cells and glucagon in the alpha cells
gonads: testes and ovaries secrete what ?
testes: androgens and inhibits
ovaries: estrogens, progesterones, and relaxins
two regions of the adrenal medulla
medulla and cortex
what does medulla secrete
NOR and EPI
what does cortex secrete and what do they do
corticosteroid hormones which regulate metabolic operations speeding up rate of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation.
what is a portal system
a system with two adjacent capillary beds connected by a portal vessels
