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Question 1

what is the passage of air to and from lungs?

Answer 1

moth/nose
pharynx/larynx
trachea
primary bronchus
2ndary bronchus 
tertiary bronchus
bronchioles 
terminal respiratory alveolar duct
alveoli

Question 2

what is the respiratory epithelium made of?

Answer 2

psudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 3

what is a typical respritory epithelium?

Answer 3

psudostratified ciliated columnar (with goblet cells producing mucous)

Question 4

does the respiratory epithelium promote gas exchange?

Answer 4

no.

it does not allow gas exchange

Question 5

what is the role of respiratry cilia?

Answer 5

movement of debris
protection of underlying tissue
maintain moisture

mucocillary escalator clearance mechanism

removal of debris that could impact gas exchange at alveoli

Question 6

what are the cartilage rings and plates for in the trachea and brimary bronchi?

Answer 6

they continue down respiratory passageway to protect structures and keep route open

Question 7

differences in right and left lung?

Answer 7

greater surface area to supply on right side therefore right primary bronchus tends to have a greater diameter to ensure appropriate volume of air

Question 8

bronchi and bronchioles:

what happens to the cartilage rings as you go deeper?

Answer 8

primary bronchus have cartilage rings

secondary bronchus has less cartilage (plates)

bronchioles have no cartilage

Question 9

bronchi and bronchioles:

smooth muscle and epithelium

what are the characteristics as you go deeper ?

Answer 9

trachera and primary bronchus: smooth muscle and respiratory epithelium

secondary and tertiary bronchi: smooth muscle but no cilia or mucose

terminal bronchiole bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar: simple squamous

Question 10

what are some characteristics of a lung lobe?

Answer 10

very highly vascularized

high capillary density enhances gas exchange with alveoli

Question 11

what is the surface area of the lungs?

Answer 11

180m^2…… woah

Question 12

what is the respiratory membrane made of?

Answer 12

endothelium
fused basal laminae
alveolar epithelium

Question 13

characteristics to support ideal gas exchange? (3)

Answer 13

large SA

short distance and easy passage between source and destination

high pressure (gas) gradient to enhance exchange

Question 14

Alveoli:

what are the three types of cells?

Answer 14

type 1

type 2

surfactant

Question 15

what do type 1 alveoli do?

Answer 15

gas exchange

Question 16

what do type 2 alveoli do?

Answer 16

surfactant production

Question 17

what do surfactant do?

Answer 17

phospholipid rich fluid that reduces surface tension in alveoli… helps prevent alveolar collapse

Question 18

characteristics of surfactant?

Answer 18

phospholipid dense fluid

production begins around 32 weeks (gestation)

found in alveoli

acts to reduce surface tension between walls of alveoli

helps prevent collapse

implications for premature birth

Question 19

pleural membrane and pleural cavity:

what are the membranes?

Answer 19

parietal - covers inner surface of thorax

visceral - covers outer surface of lungs

Question 20

pleural membrane and pleural cavity:

plural cavity, what is it? what are some characteristics?

Answer 20

space between the parietal and viseral membranes that is filled with fluid

sub atmospheric pressure helps keep lungs open

Question 21

what is a pneumothorax?

Answer 21

if pleura are damaged and intrapleural pressure changed, the vacuum keeping lungs open is lost and lungs collapse

Question 22

what cortical structures control reparation

Answer 22

pons and medulla

Question 23

what is the mechanics of respiration?

Answer 23

inhalation: volume of the thoracic cavity increases (ribs up and out) and air moves into the lungs

Question 24

what muscles are involved in inhalation?

Answer 24

external intercostals

serratus anterior

pectoralis minor

scalene muscles

sternocleidomastoid

Question 25

what muscles are involved in exhalation?

Answer 25

rectus abdominis
internal intercosstal muscles

transversus thoracis muscles