27/28 Flashcards
what is the passage of air to and from lungs?
moth/nose pharynx/larynx trachea primary bronchus 2ndary bronchus tertiary bronchus bronchioles terminal respiratory alveolar duct alveoli
what is the respiratory epithelium made of?
psudostratified columnar epithelium
what is a typical respritory epithelium?
psudostratified ciliated columnar (with goblet cells producing mucous)
does the respiratory epithelium promote gas exchange?
no.
it does not allow gas exchange
what is the role of respiratry cilia?
movement of debris
protection of underlying tissue
maintain moisture
mucocillary escalator clearance mechanism
removal of debris that could impact gas exchange at alveoli
what are the cartilage rings and plates for in the trachea and brimary bronchi?
they continue down respiratory passageway to protect structures and keep route open
differences in right and left lung?
greater surface area to supply on right side therefore right primary bronchus tends to have a greater diameter to ensure appropriate volume of air
bronchi and bronchioles:
what happens to the cartilage rings as you go deeper?
primary bronchus have cartilage rings
secondary bronchus has less cartilage (plates)
bronchioles have no cartilage
bronchi and bronchioles:
smooth muscle and epithelium
what are the characteristics as you go deeper ?
trachera and primary bronchus: smooth muscle and respiratory epithelium
secondary and tertiary bronchi: smooth muscle but no cilia or mucose
terminal bronchiole bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar: simple squamous
what are some characteristics of a lung lobe?
very highly vascularized
high capillary density enhances gas exchange with alveoli
what is the surface area of the lungs?
180m^2…… woah
what is the respiratory membrane made of?
endothelium
fused basal laminae
alveolar epithelium
characteristics to support ideal gas exchange? (3)
large SA
short distance and easy passage between source and destination
high pressure (gas) gradient to enhance exchange
Alveoli:
what are the three types of cells?
type 1
type 2
surfactant
what do type 1 alveoli do?
gas exchange
what do type 2 alveoli do?
surfactant production
what do surfactant do?
phospholipid rich fluid that reduces surface tension in alveoli… helps prevent alveolar collapse
characteristics of surfactant?
phospholipid dense fluid
production begins around 32 weeks (gestation)
found in alveoli
acts to reduce surface tension between walls of alveoli
helps prevent collapse
implications for premature birth
pleural membrane and pleural cavity:
what are the membranes?
parietal - covers inner surface of thorax
visceral - covers outer surface of lungs
pleural membrane and pleural cavity:
plural cavity, what is it? what are some characteristics?
space between the parietal and viseral membranes that is filled with fluid
sub atmospheric pressure helps keep lungs open
what is a pneumothorax?
if pleura are damaged and intrapleural pressure changed, the vacuum keeping lungs open is lost and lungs collapse
what cortical structures control reparation
pons and medulla
what is the mechanics of respiration?
inhalation: volume of the thoracic cavity increases (ribs up and out) and air moves into the lungs
what muscles are involved in inhalation?
external intercostals
serratus anterior
pectoralis minor
scalene muscles
sternocleidomastoid
what muscles are involved in exhalation?
rectus abdominis
internal intercosstal muscles
transversus thoracis muscles
