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EPHE 141 > Q6 Nervous System > Flashcards

Q6 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

outline the basic nervous system pathway

A

sensation in the environment -> sensory info in (afferent neuron) -> CNS processing -> motor information out (efferent neuron) -> response in gland, muscle or tissue

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2
Q

CNS consists of

A

spinal cord and brain

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3
Q

PNS consists of

A

everything else

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4
Q

Afferent division consists of what types of receptors

A 
Somatic Sensory (info about outside world/our position in it)
Visceral Sensory receptors (info about internal conditions and status of organ systems)
Special sensory receptors (special senses)
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5
Q

Efferent division consists of

A 
Somatic NS (somatic effectors)
Autonomic NS - (visceral effectors - smooth/cardiac muscle and glands)
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6
Q

2 main nervous cell types and which is bigger

A

Nerve cells/neurons/nerve fibre (bigger)

Neuroglia/glia

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7
Q

2 types of glia and their functions for CNS we need to know

A 
Astrocytes 
Function: 
1. Maintain blood brain barrier
2. structural support
3. regulate nutrient/dissolved gas concentrations
4. absorb, recycle neurotransmitters
5. form scar tissue after injury

Oligodendrocytes
Function:
1. myelinated CNS axons
2. provide structural frame work

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8
Q

2 types of glia we need to know in the PNS and their functions

A

Schwann Cells
Function:
1. surround all axons in PNS (myelination)
2. repair after injury
Satellite Cells
Function:
1. surround neuron body in ganglia, regulate O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitters levels around ganglia.

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9
Q

function of a neuron

A

transmit info in the form of electrical impulses from one part of the nervous system to another

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10
Q

3 functional types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

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11
Q

four structural types of neurons and functional example of each

A

Anaxonic - special senses, only in CNS
Bipolar - special sensory, rare, sight, hearing, smell
Pseudo-unipolar - sensory neurons of PNS, aka “uni-polar”
Multi-Polar - most common type of neuron; all motor neurons

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12
Q

in PNS, neuron cells bodies clustered together in masses are called

A

ganglia

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13
Q

Neuron cellular structures, name all, make sure you can identify

A 
Dendrites
cell body or soma
-nucleus 
Axon
-axon hillock
-myelin sheath
-neurilemma/neurolemma
-myelin sheath gaps (nodes of ranvier)
-synaptic (or axon) terminals
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14
Q

Three types of receptors and what info they provide

A
  • Interoreceptors (visceral) - digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive, deep pressure/pain and taste
  • Proprioreceptors (position of skeletal muscles and joints) -Exterorecpetors (somatic) touch, temp, pressure, sight, smell, hearing
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15
Q

muscles spindles are found where and monitor what

A

found in muscles and monitor length of skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Golgi tendon bodies found where and monitor what

A

found at origins/insertions.into tendons and monitor tension in muscles during contraction.

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17
Q

4 different sensory receptors and the type of stimuli they detect

A 
Nociceptor (pain)
Thermoreceptor (temperature)
Chemoreceptor (chemical composition)
Mechanoreceptors (7 types)
-Fine touch
-Light touch, movement, and vibration
-Deep pressure and distortion
-pressure and vibration
-pressure
-muscle length
-tension
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18
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: nociceptors

A

free nerve ending for pain

skin, joint capsule, periosteum, blood vessel walls

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19
Q

specific receptor name for/found where:

thermorecepetor

A

free nerve ending for temperature

skeletal muscle, liver, skin, hypothalamus

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20
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: chemoreceptor

A

free nerve ending for chemical composition

Brain, carotid bodies, aortic bodies, skin

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21
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - fine touch

A

exteroceptors

papillary layer of dermis, epidermis, hair follicles

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22
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - light touch, movement and vibration

A

exteroceptors

eyelids, lips, skin, fingertips, nipples, external genitalia

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23
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - deep pressure/and distortion

A

exteroceptors

capsule of collagen fibres of dermis

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24
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - pressure and vibration

A

interceptor and exteroceptor

skin (fingers, treats, genitals), fascia, periosteum, urethra, urinary bladder, pancreas

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25
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - pressure

A

interoceptors

blood vessels, lungs, urinary and digestive tracts

26
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - muscle length

A

proprioceptor

skeletal muscle

27
Q

specific receptor name for/found where: mechanoreceptor - tension

A

proprioceptor

tendons of skeletal muscle

28
Q

three functions of spinal meninges

A

protection, shock absorption, physical stability

29
Q

3 meningeal layers

A

dura mater, arachoid mater, pia mater

30
Q

type of tissue spinal dura mater is made up of and what surrounds inner and outer surfaces

A

dense irregular connective tissue - simple squamous epithelium

31
Q

epidural space - what is in there?

A

areolar tissue, blood vessels, adipose tissue

32
Q

at what vertebrae does the spinal cord end?

A

L1 or L2

33
Q

what is the cauda equina and where is it found?

A

the filum terminal and the long ventral and dorsal roots together make it up.
found from L1 to the dorsum of the coccyx where it connects the spinal cord to the coccygeal vertebrae.

34
Q

white matter in spinal cord does what and organized how?

A

organized into columns or “funiculi” and transmit both sensory and motor information to and from the brain

35
Q

central canal of spinal cord has what flowing through?

A

cerebrospinal fluid

36
Q

three horns present in gray matter of spinal cord

A

posterior, anterior, lateral (only in thoracic and superior lumbar segments)

37
Q

define nerve

A

a bundle of axons in the PNS

38
Q

how are spinal nerves named?

A

take name of thoracic vertebrae immediately inferior to them

39
Q

how are thoracic and lumber nerves named?

A

nerves caudal to the first thoracic vertebrae take names from vertebrae immediately superior to them

40
Q

Dorsal roots of the spinal nerve carry what

A

sensory/afferent input

41
Q

ventral roots of the spinal nerve carry what

A

motor/efferent out put

42
Q

what type of neurons cell bodies occupy this the Doral root ganglion?

A

sensory neurons

43
Q

what do we need to able be able to identify on the spinal cord model

A

dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal nerve, dorsal root ganglion, spinal nerve, dorsal and ventral ramus of the spinal nerve, white and gray rami communicantes and sympathetic ganglia

44
Q

Dorsal rami carry what?

A

nerves serving posterior trunk

45
Q

ventral rami carry what?

A

nerves serving lateral and anterior areas of the trunk and entire limbs.

46
Q

4 major nerve plexuses

A

cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lumbar plexus
sacral plexus

47
Q

what does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

the diaphragm, rhomboid major and minor, serrates anterior

48
Q

what do nerves of the brachial plexus carry?

A

nerve fibers for muscles, blood vessels, sensory receptors, sweat glands and arrestor pili muscles of the upper limb.

49
Q

lateral cord sends a nerve where and branch to what nerves?

A

nerve to pectorals major m. and a branch to the median nerve and musculocutaneous nerve

50
Q

musculocutaneous nerve : muscular branch innervates? cutaneous branch innervates?

A

muscular: biceps brachial, brachialis, coracobrachialis
cutaneous: lateral surface of forearm

51
Q

medial cord - sends a branch to what 2 nerves and what muscle?

A

median, ulnar, and pectorals major

52
Q

ulnar nerve innervates?

A

adductor pollicus, small digital muscle, flexor carpi ulnaris, medial surface of hand.

53
Q

median nerve innervates?

A

pronator quadrates/teres, distal flexors, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, anterior/later surface of hand

54
Q

posterior cord gives rise to, which then innervates

A

axillary nerve: deltoid, teres minor, shoulder skin
radial nerve: triceps brachial, ancones, extensor carpi radialis longus, brachioradialis, supinator, extensor digitorum, abductor pollicus, posterior/lateral arm skin, radial side of hand skin

55
Q

Lumbar Plexus has what two nerves, and what trunk, which innervate what muscles,

A

femoral nerve: quadriceps memories, sartorial, pectinous, iliopsoas
obturator nerve: gracilis, obturator externes, adductor Magnus/bravis/longus
lumbosacral trunk: care axons from lumbar plexus to sacral plexus

56
Q

Sacral Plexus goes into what nerves

A

superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, sciatic, tibial, common fibular

57
Q

superior gluteal nerves innervates

A

gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae

58
Q

inferior gluteal nerve innervates

A

gluteus maximus

59
Q

sciatic nerve innervates

A

semimembranous, semitendinous, adductor Magnus

60
Q

tibial nerve innervates

A

flexion of knee, plantar flexors, flexors of toes, fibulas longs

61
Q

common fibular nerve innervates and dived into what

A

short head of biceps femurs, fibulas longus
divides into superficial deep and deep fibular nerves which innervate fibularis braves, tibias anterior and toe extensors.

EPHE 141 (42 decks)

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