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Question 1

CSF IS PRODUCED BY CELLS WHERE?

Answer 1

choroid plexus

Question 2

recovery of fluid from CNS back to the cardiovascular system is a responsibility of ?

Answer 2

arachnoid granulations

Question 3

anatomical organization of nervous system:

what are tracts?

Answer 3

bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin and destination

Question 4

anatomical organization of nervous system:

what are columns?

Answer 4

several tracts that form an anatomical distinct mass

Question 5

anatomical organization of nervous system:

what are pathways?

Answer 5

centers and tracts that connect the brain with other organs and systems in the body

Question 6

cerebral gray matter: cortex

what is the motor cortex

what is the sensory cortex?

Answer 6

motor: precentral gyrus
sensory: post central gyrus

Question 7

transverse section of spinal cord:

what are the ascending and descending pathways?

Answer 7

ascending : sensory

descending : motor

Question 8

what are the characteristics of the ascending pathway?

Answer 8

afferent; sensory: information towards the supraspinal regions

Question 9

what are the peripheral receptors in the ascending pathway?

Answer 9

spinal cord
decussate at medulla (crosses here)

relay though thalamus –> to specific cerebral regions

Question 10

Descending pathways:

characteristics?

Answer 10

Efferent; motor

• information towards effectors
• somatic motor pathway

Question 11

What are activities in the motor pathway monitored by?

Answer 11

monitored and adjusted by basal nuclei and cerebellum

Question 12

what do injuries to spinal cord do?

what are they exacerbated by?

Answer 12

inhibit the pasage of electrical impulses

edema and inflammation

Question 13

Cervical plexus:

what does the phrenic nerve do?

Answer 13

major nerve of cervical pleux, complete nerve supply to diaphragm muscle

Question 14

Spinal reflexes:

what are the 4 requirements?

Answer 14

receptors sensitive to stimulus

ability to transmit impulse for processing at higher centre

neural response to stimulus follows processing

target organ response via innervation of target organ

Question 15

what is a monosynaptic reflex?

Answer 15

stretch reflex

receptor in muscle x

sensory neuron

spinal cord

motor neuron to muscle x

such as the knee jerk reflex, is a simple reflex involving only one synapse between the sensory and motor neurone. The pathway starts when the muscle spindle is stretched

Question 16

what is polysynaptic reflex?

Answer 16

polysynaptic reflex A reflex action that involves an electrical impulse being transferred from a sensory neuron to a motor neuron via at least one connecting neuron (interneuron) in the spinal cord

Question 17

what is the withdrawal reflex?

Answer 17

The withdrawal reflex is a spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli. It is a polysynaptic reflex, causing stimulation of sensory, association, and motor neurons.

Question 18

what is the distribution of sympathetic fibers?

Answer 18

wide distribution

influence visceral (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic organs)

Question 19

What is the effect range of sympathetic fibers?

Answer 19

mass action = if innervated, all are affected

provides an example of neuro-endocrine involvement

Question 20

sympathetic control- adrenal medulla

what does this release?

Answer 20

catecholamine release
epinephrine and norepinethrine

*these chemical messangers act like NTs but more slowly and for longer duration

Question 21

What is the vagus nerve?

Answer 21

parasympathetic