Day 12/13 axial anatomy

Question 1

what are the three parts that make up axial skeleton?

Answer 1

skull and associated bones

thoracic cage

vertebra column

Question 2

spinal curves:

when do primary and secondary curves develop?

Answer 2

primary curve: before birth

secondary curve: after birth

Question 3

cervical curve is what?

Answer 3

a secondary curve that develops as an infant as it learns to balance the head on the vertebras of the neck

Question 4

Thoracic curve:

characteristics?

Answer 4

primary curve accommodates the thoracic organs

Question 5

Lumbar curve:

characterisitcs?

Answer 5

secondary curve balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs: it develops with the ability to stand

Question 6

Sacral curve:

characteristics?

Answer 6

Primary curve accomadates the abdominopelvic organs

Question 7

Normal spinal curvatures:

what are the three examples?

when do they develop?

provides what

what is it supported by?

Answer 7

thoracic, cervical and lumbar

developed as weight bearing begins

provides for appropriate force transfer

supported by musculature and soft tissue

Question 8

Intervertebral joints:

What are the median joints?

Answer 8

intervertebral disk –> Amphiarthrosis

Question 9

Intervertebral joints:

what are the two lateral joints?

Answer 9

superior and inferior articular facet

Question 10

what is C1 called?

Answer 10

atlas

Question 11

what is C2 called?

Answer 11

Axis

Question 12

The atlas (C1) has two shallow concave joint surfaces on either side of the vertebral canal what are they for and what do they permit?

Answer 12

support the two occipital condyles

permits support of head from below without interfering with the passage of the medulla into vertebral canal

Question 13

At the Atlanto-occipital joints what is the primary movement?

Answer 13

primarily flexion/extension (nodding) movements through the saggital plane about a transverse axis running through the two occipital condyles

very slights lateral bending movements are also permitted

Question 14

what type os diarthrotic joint is the altanto-occipital joint?

Answer 14

condylar

Question 15

atlanto-axial joints

what are the characteristics?

Answer 15

2 facet joints and 1 central articulation

the Dens of the axis fits into a ring formed by anterior arch of atlas

Transverse ligament curves posteriorly so that the atlas pivots around the dens

Question 16

Cervical region

what is the vertical axis of motion through the dens?

Answer 16

approximately 50% of rotation in the cervical spine occurs at the atlanto-axial joint

Question 17

Intervertebral ligaments

what are they going from anterior to posterior?

Answer 17

anterior longitudinal ligament

posterior longitudinal ligament

ligamentum flavum

interspinous ligament

supraspinous ligament

Question 18

the supraspinus ligament

what does it connect?

what connects the very top?

Answer 18

connects tip of spinous processes from C7-L4

from C7 to Skull is it the Ligamentum Nuchae

Question 19

Vertebral range of motion?

what are the actions it can perform?

what are some things that might influence the ROM?

Answer 19

flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion

Size of vertebra and processes
-spinous process
-transverse processes
Musculature associated with the region

Size if disk – bigger is better for ROM

Question 20

If you are looking at an intervertebral disc from the superior view what will you see?

Answer 20

anulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

Question 21

Thoracic and abdominal musculature role in respiration:

what are the three main muscles here?

Answer 21

diaphragm muscle
thoracic muscles
- internal and external intercostal muscles
-sternocleidomastoid m.
abdominal muscle group

Question 22

what direction do your external intercostal muscle pull?

Answer 22

pull ribs up

involved in inhalation

Question 23

what direction does your internal intercostal muscles pull?

Answer 23

pull ribs down

involved in exhalation

Question 24

mechanics of respiration:

muscles of inhalation and exhalation are responsible for what?

Answer 24

for reducing or increasing the pressure within the thoracic cavity

*air mores from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

Question 25

in the act of respiration what do the ribs and diaphragm do?

Answer 25

diaphragm contracts, ribs and sternum elevate pulled by intercostal muscles

Question 26

What are the 4 abdominal muscles that are involved in changing thoracic pressure?

Answer 26

rectus abdominis
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominis

Question 27

abdominal muscles

what are two special structures?

Answer 27

Linea alba

tendinous inscriptions

Question 28

What are two examples of Transverse abdominis and what are its characteristics?

Answer 28

Internal Oblique
Transverse abdominis

acts like a corset to narrow and flatten abdomen stabilizes the lumbar spine and pelvis
- important before movement of limbs

Question 29

What are the four abdominal muscles that play a role in changing thoracic pressure?

Answer 29

rectus abdominis
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominis