Day 6

Question 1

What are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 1

hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

Question 2

What is the primary fiber in Hyaline cartilage?

Answer 2

collagen

Question 3

what is the primary fiber in Elastic cartilage

Answer 3

elastin

Question 4

What is the primary fiber in fibrocartilage?

Answer 4

collagen with a regular arrangement

Question 5

Hyaline cartilage in synovial joints

what is absent in hyaline cartilage in joints?

Answer 5

there is no perichondrium

its nourishment and support comes from synovial fluid

Question 6

What are the functions of Elastic cartilage?

Answer 6

support and tolerates distortion

has memory and is able to return to original shape

Question 7

where are the locations of Elastic cartilage?

Answer 7

pinna of auricle of external ear
epiglottis
cuneiform cartilage of larynx
auditory tube

Question 8

What does Fibrocartilage contain?

Answer 8

lots of collagen and a little elastin

follows stress lines- regularly arranged

Question 9

what are the locations in Fibrocartilage?

Answer 9

intervertebral discs between vertebrae

pads within knee joints (menisci)

between pubic bones (pubic symphysis)

Question 10

What are the functions of Fibrocartilage?

Answer 10

shock absorption

resists compression

prevents bone-to-bone contact

limits relative movements

Question 11

In the intervertebral disc- annulus fibrosus is an example of what?

Answer 11

an example of fibrocartilage

Question 12

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Answer 12

compact bone

spongy (trabecular bone)

Question 13

What are the four types of bone cells?

Answer 13

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
osteoprogenitor cells

Question 14

What are Osteoblasts?

Answer 14

young active bone forming cells that produce protein fibers

Question 15

what are osteocytes?

Answer 15

mature and less active bone cells

Question 16

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 16

bone remodelling cells

Question 17

what are osteoprogenitor cells?

Answer 17

stem cells

Question 18

what is the Martix of bone made of?

Answer 18

Matrix = Osteoid

Made of ground substance that has mineralized plus fibers

the fibers are made of collagen and some elastin

they came from osteoblasts

Question 19

What are the characteristics of compact bone?

Answer 19

dense packed matrix (no apparent space)
highly organized vascular structures
forms thick walls of shaft (diaphysis) in long bone
surrounds medullary cavity
covers epiphyses

Question 20

What are the characteristics of Trabecular (spongy of cancellous) bone

Answer 20

plates, bars, sheets of intersecting bone –Trabeculae
It is vascular!
red marrow often found here
light but strong

Question 21

What are the three special structures that are associated with bone formation and growth

Answer 21

lucunae
lamellae
canaliculi

Question 22

What is the Lacunae?

Answer 22

a pocket for cells in bone

Question 23

What is the lamellae?

Answer 23

concertric ring of cells

Question 24

what is the canaliculi?

Answer 24

“little canals” inter lamellar cell connections

Question 25

Connective tissue around bone:

the periosteum contains what?

Answer 25

contains outer (fibrous) and inner (cellular) layer. collagen fibers of the periosteum are continuous with those of the bone, adjacent joint capsules and attached tendons and ligaments

Question 26

what will exercise do for bones?

Answer 26

it will increase bone mass

Question 27

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 27

process used in formation of most, but not all bones

related to cartilage embryonic model

ENDO – Chondral

Question 28

What is the first step in Endochondral Ossification?

Answer 28

as the cartilage enlarges through appositional and interstitial growth, chondrocytes near the center of the shaft increase greatly in size. the martix is reduced to a series of small struts that soon begin to calcify. The enlarged chondrocytes then die and disintegrate, leaving cavities within cartilage

Question 29

What is step two in in Endochondral Ossification?

Answer 29

blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage, and the cells of the perichondrium convert to osteoblasts. The shaft of the cartilage then becomes ensheathed in superfilial layer of bone

Question 30

what is the third step in Endochondral Ossification?

Answer 30

Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage and invade the central region. Fibroblasts migrating with the blood vessels differentiate into osteoblasts and being producing spongy bone at a primary ossification center. Bone formatioon then spreads along the shaft toward both ends.

Question 31

what is the forth and in Endochondral Ossification?

Answer 31

remodeling occurs as growth continues creating a marrow cavity. The bone of the shaft becomes thicker, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone. Further growth involves increases in both length and diameter

Question 32

what is the fifth step in Endochondral Ossification?

Answer 32

capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the epiphyses to create secondary ossification centers

Question 33

what is the sixth step in Endochondral Ossification?

Answer 33

soon each epiphysisis filled with spongy bone. an articular cartilage remains exposed to the joint cavity; over time it will be reduced to a thin superficial layer. At each metaphysis, an epiphyseal cartilage separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis