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psychology midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three major stages of prenatal development?

A
  1. period of the zygote
  2. period of the embryo
  3. period of the fetus
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2
Q

Describe the period of the zygote

A

rapid cell division. starts when the egg is fertilized ends with implantation

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3
Q

whats an ectopic pregnancy

A

when the blastocyst is implanted in the fallopian tube rather than the uterine wall, very deadly!

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4
Q

describe the period fo the embryo

A

from implantations to 8 weeks, teratogens are most impactful, embryo starts to have a human appearance, all major organs and system of the body undergo significant development

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5
Q

during which stage of prenatal development are teratogens most harmful and impactful

A

period of the embryo

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6
Q

describe the period of the fetus

A

9 weeks until birth, brain development, moves head into birthing positions, finishing touches, baby is able to hear the mothers voice etc.

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7
Q

what are sleeper effects?

A

the effects that take awhile to manifest, problems that don’t show up right away

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8
Q

what does thalidomide? and what does it result in

A

the medication prescribed to women in the 1960s to relieve morning sickness, it causes short limbs

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9
Q

what does zika virus result in for babies

A

still birth, stunted limb growth, microcephaly, seizures, motor impairments

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10
Q

what is cognitive development

A

cognitive development refers to how the brain develops

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11
Q

according to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures

A

assimilation

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12
Q

according to Piaget, the creation of new cognitive structures to house new information

A

accomodation

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13
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. pre-operational (2-7)
  3. concrete operational (7-11)
  4. formal operational (12 and up)
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14
Q

what are the 4 different identity statuses based on commitment level

A
  1. Identity diffusion: low commitment, low exploration
  2. psychosocial moratorium: low commitment, high exploration
  3. Foreclosed identity: high commitment, low exploration
  4. Identity achievement: high commitment, high exploration
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15
Q

what is adolescent egocentrism

A

adolescents’ perception that others are focuses on them, their feelings, and their actions

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16
Q

What are Khol’s 3 stages of moral development?

A
  1. preconventional morality: morality in terms of punishment and rewards
  2. conventional morality: morality in terms of social conventions/ what is viewed as good or bad
  3. post conventional morality: moral decisions on abstract principles instead of expectations and judgement of others
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17
Q

what is the difference between longitudinal vs cross-sectional research

A

longitudinal research collects data over a long time, same sample but over a long time

cross sectional research collects dada from a population at a specific time

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18
Q

what are habituation paradigms

A

infants are repeatedly presented with one or more stimulus and their looking time is recording, when they are bored they are presented with a new stimulus

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19
Q

development in one domain influences the development in another domain

A

holistic nature of development

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20
Q

Top-to-bottom’ rule that
describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in
sequence from the head to the feet.

A

Cephalocaudal Rule

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21
Q

Inside-to-outside’ rule that
describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in
sequence from the center to the periphery.

A

Proximodistal Rule

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22
Q

how is IQ measured?

A

mental age age/chronological age x100

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23
Q

what is the difference between practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom

A

practical wisdom: application of knowledge
theoretical wisdom: conceptualization of underlying explanation of thoughts and actions across situations

24
Q

what is the difference between emotion and moods

A

emotions are short lived and are caused by a specific object or situation

moods are longer lasting, less intense and are not affected by a specific object or event

25
Q

happier for a larger reinforcer than a smaller one is an example of

A

intensity of reinforcer

26
Q

happy to obtain a reinforcer or avoid a punisher; unhappy to obtain a punisher or avoid a reinforcer

A

reinforcement contingency

27
Q

a stimulus can signal the availability of a reinforcer (happy) as well as a punisher (unhappy)

A

antecedent stimuli

28
Q

what are the four temporary changes that come from emotion

A
  1. hormones/physiology
  2. behavior (including thinking and feeling)
  3. facial expression
  4. sense perception
29
Q

what did tracy say about emotion (2)

A
  1. each emotion is an adaptation
  2. each emotion has multiple behavioral elements that occur over time
30
Q

what are Darwin’s 3 principles of emotion

A
  1. serviceable habits
  2. antithesis
  3. direction action of the excited nervous system on the body
31
Q

what are the four universal expressions that correspond to specific emotions

A

fear, anger, sadness, disgust FASD

32
Q

what is an action unit

A

each facial movement that we can detect (involving eyebrows, nose, mouth, cheeks and eyes)

33
Q

what are the 4 culturally common facial expressions

A

happy, anxious, sadness, disgust (HASD)

34
Q

what is emotional contagion

A

when you catch an emotion from someone else

35
Q

what are the two parts of the brain that respond to stress

A

amygdala and prefrontal cortex

36
Q

how would something be considered a new emotion

A

it would have to be acknowledged across many cultures

37
Q

a type of stimuli that come from outside our bodies to indicate a change from one state to another. We perceive a stimulus that others can also see, hear, feel, touch, etc.

A

exteroceptive stimuli

38
Q

what are the 4 parts of the brain that are necessary to food/hunger

A
  1. hypothalamus
  2. insular cortex
  3. amygdala
  4. cerebellum
39
Q

what is the difference between exteroceptive stimuli vs interoceptive stimuli

A

exteroceptive: stimuli that comes from outside our bodies to indicate a change from one state to another

interoceptive stimuli: a type of stimuli that comes from within our bodies to indicate a change form one state to another.

40
Q

what are the 3 theories about why conditional responses occur?

A
  1. preparatory responding
  2. stimulus substitution
  3. signal substitution
41
Q

what does salivation do? (3)

A
  1. breaks down our food as we chew it
  2. dilute acids (increases the pH to make it less acidic and more basic)
  3. correlates how hungry we are at the sight of food
  • it is an example of preparatory responding
42
Q

what are the three elements of personality

A

uniqueness, consistency, and explanation

43
Q

what is the difference between the idiographic approach vs the nomothetic approach

A

idiographic: individual differences between people
nomothetic: grouping individuals and examining them

basically individual vs group examination

44
Q

what are the 3 assumptions of the psychodynamic perspective

A
  1. personality is due to internal processes and conflicts
  2. we aren’t aware of what factors produce our personality
  3. We can’t change or control our personality
45
Q

what is the dynamic (un)conscious

A

all mental processes outside our awareness

46
Q

what are the 3 states of consciousness

A

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

47
Q

what are the 3 types of anxiety

A

reality anxiety, moral anxiety, neurotic anxiety

48
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages

A
  1. oral stage
  2. anal stage
  3. phallic stage
  4. latency period
  5. genital stage
49
Q

The average IQ has been increasing over time. What has this phenomenon been termed?

A

The flynn effect

50
Q

what is neurogenesis

A

process in which new neurons are formed

51
Q

what is myelination

A

myelin sheath wraps around nerve

52
Q

what is synaptogenesis

A

the development of synapses between neurons (synapses are points of contact between 2 neurons)

53
Q

what is synaptic pruning

A

removing and deletion of connections

54
Q

what is the difference between imaginary audience and personal fable

A

imaginary audience: adolescents think that everyone is looking at them, talking about them, they think that they are the main character

personal fable: adolescents think that they are invulnerable to risks so thats why they engage in risky activities

55
Q

Piaget thought of children as?

A

constructivists

Psychology (25 decks)

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