psychology midterm Flashcards
What are the three major stages of prenatal development?
- period of the zygote
- period of the embryo
- period of the fetus
Describe the period of the zygote
rapid cell division. starts when the egg is fertilized ends with implantation
whats an ectopic pregnancy
when the blastocyst is implanted in the fallopian tube rather than the uterine wall, very deadly!
describe the period fo the embryo
from implantations to 8 weeks, teratogens are most impactful, embryo starts to have a human appearance, all major organs and system of the body undergo significant development
during which stage of prenatal development are teratogens most harmful and impactful
period of the embryo
describe the period of the fetus
9 weeks until birth, brain development, moves head into birthing positions, finishing touches, baby is able to hear the mothers voice etc.
what are sleeper effects?
the effects that take awhile to manifest, problems that don’t show up right away
what does thalidomide? and what does it result in
the medication prescribed to women in the 1960s to relieve morning sickness, it causes short limbs
what does zika virus result in for babies
still birth, stunted limb growth, microcephaly, seizures, motor impairments
what is cognitive development
cognitive development refers to how the brain develops
according to Piaget, the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures
assimilation
according to Piaget, the creation of new cognitive structures to house new information
accomodation
what are the 4 stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor (0-2)
- pre-operational (2-7)
- concrete operational (7-11)
- formal operational (12 and up)
what are the 4 different identity statuses based on commitment level
- Identity diffusion: low commitment, low exploration
- psychosocial moratorium: low commitment, high exploration
- Foreclosed identity: high commitment, low exploration
- Identity achievement: high commitment, high exploration
what is adolescent egocentrism
adolescents’ perception that others are focuses on them, their feelings, and their actions
What are Khol’s 3 stages of moral development?
- preconventional morality: morality in terms of punishment and rewards
- conventional morality: morality in terms of social conventions/ what is viewed as good or bad
- post conventional morality: moral decisions on abstract principles instead of expectations and judgement of others
what is the difference between longitudinal vs cross-sectional research
longitudinal research collects data over a long time, same sample but over a long time
cross sectional research collects dada from a population at a specific time
what are habituation paradigms
infants are repeatedly presented with one or more stimulus and their looking time is recording, when they are bored they are presented with a new stimulus
development in one domain influences the development in another domain
holistic nature of development
Top-to-bottom’ rule that
describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in
sequence from the head to the feet.
Cephalocaudal Rule
Inside-to-outside’ rule that
describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in
sequence from the center to the periphery.
Proximodistal Rule
how is IQ measured?
mental age age/chronological age x100
what is the difference between practical wisdom and theoretical wisdom
practical wisdom: application of knowledge
theoretical wisdom: conceptualization of underlying explanation of thoughts and actions across situations
what is the difference between emotion and moods
emotions are short lived and are caused by a specific object or situation
moods are longer lasting, less intense and are not affected by a specific object or event
happier for a larger reinforcer than a smaller one is an example of
intensity of reinforcer
happy to obtain a reinforcer or avoid a punisher; unhappy to obtain a punisher or avoid a reinforcer
reinforcement contingency
a stimulus can signal the availability of a reinforcer (happy) as well as a punisher (unhappy)
antecedent stimuli
what are the four temporary changes that come from emotion
- hormones/physiology
- behavior (including thinking and feeling)
- facial expression
- sense perception
what did tracy say about emotion (2)
- each emotion is an adaptation
- each emotion has multiple behavioral elements that occur over time
what are Darwin’s 3 principles of emotion
- serviceable habits
- antithesis
- direction action of the excited nervous system on the body
what are the four universal expressions that correspond to specific emotions
fear, anger, sadness, disgust FASD
what is an action unit
each facial movement that we can detect (involving eyebrows, nose, mouth, cheeks and eyes)
what are the 4 culturally common facial expressions
happy, anxious, sadness, disgust (HASD)
what is emotional contagion
when you catch an emotion from someone else
what are the two parts of the brain that respond to stress
amygdala and prefrontal cortex
how would something be considered a new emotion
it would have to be acknowledged across many cultures
a type of stimuli that come from outside our bodies to indicate a change from one state to another. We perceive a stimulus that others can also see, hear, feel, touch, etc.
exteroceptive stimuli
what are the 4 parts of the brain that are necessary to food/hunger
- hypothalamus
- insular cortex
- amygdala
- cerebellum
what is the difference between exteroceptive stimuli vs interoceptive stimuli
exteroceptive: stimuli that comes from outside our bodies to indicate a change from one state to another
interoceptive stimuli: a type of stimuli that comes from within our bodies to indicate a change form one state to another.
what are the 3 theories about why conditional responses occur?
- preparatory responding
- stimulus substitution
- signal substitution
what does salivation do? (3)
- breaks down our food as we chew it
- dilute acids (increases the pH to make it less acidic and more basic)
- correlates how hungry we are at the sight of food
- it is an example of preparatory responding
what are the three elements of personality
uniqueness, consistency, and explanation
what is the difference between the idiographic approach vs the nomothetic approach
idiographic: individual differences between people
nomothetic: grouping individuals and examining them
basically individual vs group examination
what are the 3 assumptions of the psychodynamic perspective
- personality is due to internal processes and conflicts
- we aren’t aware of what factors produce our personality
- We can’t change or control our personality
what is the dynamic (un)conscious
all mental processes outside our awareness
what are the 3 states of consciousness
conscious, preconscious, unconscious
what are the 3 types of anxiety
reality anxiety, moral anxiety, neurotic anxiety
what are the 5 psychosexual stages
- oral stage
- anal stage
- phallic stage
- latency period
- genital stage
The average IQ has been increasing over time. What has this phenomenon been termed?
The flynn effect
what is neurogenesis
process in which new neurons are formed
what is myelination
myelin sheath wraps around nerve
what is synaptogenesis
the development of synapses between neurons (synapses are points of contact between 2 neurons)
what is synaptic pruning
removing and deletion of connections
what is the difference between imaginary audience and personal fable
imaginary audience: adolescents think that everyone is looking at them, talking about them, they think that they are the main character
personal fable: adolescents think that they are invulnerable to risks so thats why they engage in risky activities
Piaget thought of children as?
constructivists
