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Psychology > chapter 2 methods > Flashcards

chapter 2 methods Flashcards

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1
Q

two variables that exhibit no apparent relationship

A

zero correlation

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2
Q

the influence of language, or wording, on people’s responses to survey questions

A

wording effects

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3
Q

a bias whereby only a motivated fraction of a population respond to a survey or participate in research

A

volunteer bias

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4
Q

Any group of individuals who may not be able to provide free and informed consent to participate in research

A

vulnerable populations

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5
Q

something that varies in the context of a research study

A

variable

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6
Q

a method using questions to collect information on how people think or act

A

survey

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7
Q

a medical procedure to remove or otherwise destroy tissue

A

ablation

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8
Q

the tendency for participants to agree or respond “yes” to all questions regardless of their actual opinions

A

acquiescent response bias

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9
Q

A person’s affirmative permission to take part in a research study. In cases of decisional impairment, assent must be obtained in addition to informed consent.

A

assent

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10
Q

A concept of research ethics whereby researchers strive to do ‘good’ in a research study.

A

beneficence

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11
Q

An in-depth analysis of a unique circumstance or individual.

A

case study

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12
Q

The understanding that one variable directly affects another variable.

A

casuality

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13
Q

A person who is acting as a participant, but in reality, is another researcher.

A

confederate

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14
Q

Other variables that may influence one or both variables that we are measuring, thereby influencing the correlation coefficient.

A

confounding variable

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15
Q

A measure (denoted as r) that captures the direction and strength of a relationship between variables.

A

correlation

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16
Q

A numerical representation of the strength of the relationship between variables (denoted as r).

A

correlation coefficient

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17
Q

Facts or information collected, examined, and considered for decision-making processes.

A

data

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18
Q

the act of withholding information about the purpose and procedures of the study during the informed consent process

A

deception

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19
Q

Information provided to participants about what the researcher was investigating and how their participation will contribute to the research question.

A

debriefing

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20
Q

the extent to which research findings in the lab can be generalized to the real world

A

ecological validity

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21
Q

Participants respond to questions in ways that would be seen as acceptable by others.

A

socially desirable bias

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22
Q

When the freedom of ‘choice’ to participate in research is compromised as a result of undue influence from another source.

A

situational vulnerability

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23
Q

Memories whose contents relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful information not based on personal experience.

A

semantic memories

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24
Q

Rational explanations to describe and predict future behavior.

A

scientific theories

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25
Q

A six-step method of acquiring knowledge and methodologically answering questions.

A

scientific method

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26
Q

A type of graph that has one variable on the x-axis (the horizontal axis) and the other variable on the y-axis (the vertical axis) and provides a visual representation of relationships between variables.

A

scatterplot

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27
Q

A sample that deviates from a true representation of a population.

A

sampling error

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27
Q

An unfair or unequal representation of a population of people or things that results from flawed sampling strategies (intentional or not).

A

sampling bias

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28
Q

A subset (or portion) of a population.

A

sample

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29
Q

The tendency for people to answer the question the way they feel they are expected to answer or in systematic ways that are otherwise inaccurate.

A

response bias

30
Q

A set of principles or standards of behavior for psychologists to follow in research.

A

research ethics

31
Q

A term referring to a ‘do-over’ of a study using the same methods, but different subjects and investigators.

A

replication

32
Q

reactivity / HAWTHORNE EFFECT

A

A change in a person or animal’s behavior that is the result of being observed by others.

33
Q

The belief or theory that reason is the key source of knowledge.

A

rationalism

34
Q

Memories whose contents pertain to how something is done, such as the motor skills involved in walking and riding a bicycle.

A

procedural memories

35
Q

When variables change in the same direction; as one variable increases, the other variable increases, or as one variable decreases, the other variable decreases.

A

positive correlation

36
Q

All members of a group.

A

population

37
Q

A research method in which a researcher becomes part of the group under investigation.

A

participant observation

38
Q

how a researcher decides to measure a variable.

A

operational definition

39
Q

Variables that change in the opposite direction. An increase in one variable leads to a decrease in the other.

A

negative correlation

40
Q

Observation of behavior as it happens, without an attempt to manipulate or control the subjects’ natural environment.

A

naturalistic observation

41
Q

A straight line on a scatterplot showing the general relationship of data points.

A

line of best fit

41
Q

The act of doing harm

A

maleficence

42
Q

An ethical principle in research whereby those people who participate in the research process should also be the same people who stand to benefit from the research outcomes.

A

justice

43
Q

An ethical principle that psychologists should engage in accurate, honest, and non-biased practices in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology.

A

integrity

44
Q

A committee of independent people who review and assess whether a research project will be carried out in a way that is consistent with general ethical principles.

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

45
Q

The extent to which two or more observers (raters) agree with each other about their observations. It is usually assessed as a correlation.

A

interrater reliability

46
Q

An experiment has ________________when there are no other explanations for the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. That is, there are no extraneous variables present in the experiment.

A

internal validity

47
Q

The process by which research participants learn about and understand the purpose, benefits, and potential risks of participating in a research study.

A

informed consent

48
Q

tests and analyses that allow us to draw conclusions from our data, such as whether there is a measurable difference between two groups.

A

inferential statistics

49
Q

The variable that the experimenter manipulates. must have at least two levels (different conditions or treatments)

A

independent variable

50
Q

An attribute of participants that is necessary to be a part of a research study.

A

inclusion criterion

51
Q

The tendency to describe our own behavior as better than average.

A

illusory superiority

52
Q

An educated prediction about the outcome of an experiment.

A

hypothesis

53
Q

A part of the cerebral cortex known to play a role in the transference of certain types of memories into long-term memory stores.

A

hippocampus

54
Q

An experiment that takes place in ‘real-world’ settings in which a researcher manipulates and controls the conditions of the behavior under observation.

A

field experiment

55
Q

The ethical principle of developing trusting relationships between researchers and participants.

A

fidelity

56
Q

Any variables that are not the focus of study, but that may influence the outcome of research if not controlled.

A

extraneous variables

57
Q

Whether the results from a study can be applied beyond the scope of the original study. For example, whether it can apply to other settings, other people, and other time periods.

A

external validity

58
Q

An attribute of a person that would prevent them from participating research study.

A

exclusion criteria

59
Q

Memories whose contents pertain to specific events (“episodes”).

A

episodic memory

60
Q

A part of the cerebral cortex found on the ventral part of the temporal lobes and known to play a role in behavior and memory.

A

entorhinal cortex

61
Q

The combination of inclusion and exclusion criteria to create a set of characteristics shared by all participants that ensure that those participating will meaningfully help to address the research question

A

eligibility criteria

62
Q

Instances that diminish a potential participant’s capacity to provide informed consent.

A

decisional impairment

63
Q

The variable that the experimenter believes is affected by the independent variable, and measures after the independent variable occurs

A

dependent variable

64
Q

Any means to capture, record, or otherwise, describe a group. These methods are concerned with identifying ‘what is’ rather than ‘why it is.’

A

descriptive methods

65
Q

Statistical information that describes a dataset, including frequencies, measures of central tendency such as mean, median, mode, and also measures of variability including range, variance, and standard deviation.

A

descriptive statistics

66
Q

research aims to be what two things

A

valid and reliable

67
Q

accuracy of a measurement

A

validity

68
Q

consistency or repeatability of a measurement

A

reliability

69
Q

the tendency of people to overestimte their ability to have predicted an outcome that count not possibly have been predicted

A

hindsight bias

70
Q

a process that allows a researcher to ensure the sample represents the population on some criteria

A

stratified sampling

71
Q
  • the group that believes the experimenter is conducting the experiment on them, but the experimenter is not
  • group exposed to the fake condition of the independent variable
  • measure the effect of participant expectations on dependent variable
A

placebo group

Psychology (24 decks)

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