chapter 2 methods Flashcards
two variables that exhibit no apparent relationship
zero correlation
the influence of language, or wording, on people’s responses to survey questions
wording effects
a bias whereby only a motivated fraction of a population respond to a survey or participate in research
volunteer bias
Any group of individuals who may not be able to provide free and informed consent to participate in research
vulnerable populations
something that varies in the context of a research study
variable
a method using questions to collect information on how people think or act
survey
a medical procedure to remove or otherwise destroy tissue
ablation
the tendency for participants to agree or respond “yes” to all questions regardless of their actual opinions
acquiescent response bias
A person’s affirmative permission to take part in a research study. In cases of decisional impairment, assent must be obtained in addition to informed consent.
assent
A concept of research ethics whereby researchers strive to do ‘good’ in a research study.
beneficence
An in-depth analysis of a unique circumstance or individual.
case study
The understanding that one variable directly affects another variable.
casuality
A person who is acting as a participant, but in reality, is another researcher.
confederate
Other variables that may influence one or both variables that we are measuring, thereby influencing the correlation coefficient.
confounding variable
A measure (denoted as r) that captures the direction and strength of a relationship between variables.
correlation
A numerical representation of the strength of the relationship between variables (denoted as r).
correlation coefficient
Facts or information collected, examined, and considered for decision-making processes.
data
the act of withholding information about the purpose and procedures of the study during the informed consent process
deception
Information provided to participants about what the researcher was investigating and how their participation will contribute to the research question.
debriefing
the extent to which research findings in the lab can be generalized to the real world
ecological validity
Participants respond to questions in ways that would be seen as acceptable by others.
socially desirable bias
When the freedom of ‘choice’ to participate in research is compromised as a result of undue influence from another source.
situational vulnerability
Memories whose contents relate to specific facts and pieces of meaningful information not based on personal experience.
semantic memories
Rational explanations to describe and predict future behavior.
scientific theories
A six-step method of acquiring knowledge and methodologically answering questions.
scientific method
A type of graph that has one variable on the x-axis (the horizontal axis) and the other variable on the y-axis (the vertical axis) and provides a visual representation of relationships between variables.
scatterplot
A sample that deviates from a true representation of a population.
sampling error
An unfair or unequal representation of a population of people or things that results from flawed sampling strategies (intentional or not).
sampling bias
A subset (or portion) of a population.
sample