anatomy Flashcards
bones of the head, trunk, vertebral column, and thorax
axial skeleton
bones of the upper limbs and lower limbs including the shoulder and pelvic girdles
appendicular skeleton
a strong connective tissue containing specialized cells and a mineralized matrix of crystalline calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate
osseous tissue/bone tissue
bone cells responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone
Osteocytes
what is bone production called
osteogenesis
the breakdown of the mineral matrix of bone
Osteolysis
what is another name for the pectoral girdle
shoulder girdle
what does the pectoral girdle consist of
one each side:
1 clavicle
1 scapula
what does the upper limb consist of
on each side:
1 humerus
1 ulna
1 radius
8 carpal
5 metacarpal
14 phalanges
what is the name of the triangular bone lying on the posterior surface of the thorax
scapula
what does the clavicle do?
connects the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton + transfers some of the weight from the upper limb to the axial skeleton
what is another name for the collarbone
the clavicle
what is another name for the scapula?
the shoulder blade
lower limb articulates with the axial skeleton through what
the pelvic girdle
acromial end of clavicle articulates with the
acromion of the scapula
another name for the thumb is
pollex
the hip bone is made of which three bones?
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
immovable joints are called
synarthrosis
slightly movable joints are called
amphiarthrosis
freely movable joints are called
diarthrosis
joints found only in the skull
sutures
fibrous joint between teeth and jaw bones
gomphosis
moving away from the body
abduction
moving toward the body
adduction
decreases the angle between the bones at a joint
flexion
increases the angle between the bones at a joint
extension
extending beyond the normal limits
hyperextension
study of structures and features that can be seen with the naked eye
gross anatomy
microscopic study of tissues
histology
what is the front facing position, you can see the persons face
anterior view
what is the back facing position, you can see the persons bum
posterior view
what is the position in which the person is laying face down
prone
what is the position in which the person is laying face up, they are laying on their back
supine
away from the midline
lateral
toward the midline
medial
toward a base
proximal
away from the base
distal
at or close to body surface
superficial
further from surface, toward interior
deep
toward the head
cranial (cephalic)
toward the tail
caudal
the back, behind
posterior (dorsal for animals)
the front, before
anterior (ventral for animals)
which plane/section separates anterior and posterior portions of the body
frontal or coronal plane (coronal-passing through the skull)
which plane/section separates right and left positions
sagittal plane
a ________ section passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides
midsagittal
a __________ section misses the midline, separating right and left portions of unequal size
parasagittal
what section is at right angles to the frontal and sagittal planes, sections typically pass through head and trunk regions
transverse, horizontal, or cross-sectional plane
what are the two body cavities
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
name the parts of the thoracic cavity
- left pleural cavity: surrounds left lung
- right pleural cavity: surrounds right lung
- mediastinum: contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels + pericardial cavity: surrounds heart
name the parts of the abdominopelvic cavity
- abdominal cavity: contains many digestive glands and organs
- pelvic cavity: contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
name the parts of the right upper and right lower quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
RUQ:
- right lobe of liver
- right kidney
- gallbladder
- portions of stomach
- small and large intestine
RLQ:
- cecum
- appendix
- portions of small intestine
- reproductive organs
- right ureter
name the parts of the left upper and left lower quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity
LUQ:
- left kidney
- left lobe of liver
- stomach
- spleen
- pancreas
- portions of large intestine
LLQ:
- most of small intestine
- portions of large intestine
- left ureter
- reproductive organs
lumbar regions means
lower back
cephalic region means
head
cervical region means
neck
brachial region means
upper arm, above elbow
antebrachial means
forearm, below elbow
carpal region indicates
wrist
manual region indicates
hand
plantar region indicates
sole region of foot, bottom of foot
pedal region indicates
foot
tarsal region indicates
ankle
sural region indicates
calf
crural region indicates
leg, from knee to ankle
patellar region indicates
kneecap
gluteal region indicates
buttock
inguinal region indicates
groin (crease between thigh and trunk)
pelvic region indicates
pelvis (in general)
pubic region indicates
anterior pelvis
what are the 4 kinds of tissues
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
what kind of tissue: conducts electrical impulses and carries information
nervous tissue
what kind of tissue contracts to produce movement
muscle tissue
what kind of tissue fills internal space, provides structural support and stores energy
connective tissue
what kind of tissue covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways and chambers and produces glandular secretions
epithelial tissue
in epithelial tissue/cells they are an exposed ______ surface and an attached _______ surface
apical, basal
_______ cells are bound close together, no intercellular space
epithelial
what is the difference between simple and stratified epithelial tissue
simple: only one layer
stratified: many layers on top of other layers
what is the defining characteristic of connective tissue
most cells are not in contact with each other
connective tissue examples
blood, lymph, bone, cartilage
what are the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
what is the defining characteristic of muscle tissue
ability to contract and relax
the cytoplasm of muscle cells is called what
sarcoplasm
cells that are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleated
skeletal muscle tissue (bigger than cardiac muscle)
cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs
cardiac muscle tissue
short, small, spindle-shaped, with a central nucleus, they do not branch, and there are no striations
smooth muscle tissue
what is the integumentary system
the body’s outer layer, skin, hair, nails
what is another name for the skin
cutaneous membrane
the dermis is under or over the epidermine
under
a dense layer of collagen fibers that surrounds a skeletal muscle, and is continuous with the tendons/aponeruoses of the muscle and with the perimysium
epimysium
connective tissue partition that separates adjacent fasciculi in a skeletal muscle
perimysium
a delicate network of connective tissue fibers that surrounds individual muscle cells
endomysium
cells that are the precursors to skeletal muscle cells (fibers)
myosatellite cells
a collagenous band that connects a skeletal muscle to an element of the skeleton (MUSCLE TO BONE)
tendon
what connects bone to bone
ligaments
broad tendinous sheet(s) that may serve as the origin(s) or insertion(s) of a skeletal muscle
aponeurosis/aponeuroses
a synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell
NMJ neuromuscular junction
the plasma membrane of a muscle cell
sarcolemma
the cytoplasm of a muscle cell
sarcoplasm
early muscle cells that differentiate into muscle fibers
myoblasts
