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Psychology > b50 midterm 2 > Flashcards

b50 midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

a non-trophic interaction between individuals, in which each is negatively affected by their shared use of a resource that limits their growth, survival, and/or reproduction

A

competition

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2
Q

competition between individuals of the same species

A

intraspecific competition

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3
Q

competition between members of different species

A

interspecific competition

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4
Q

occurs when one species directly interferes with its competitor’s ability to access a limited resource

A

interference competition

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5
Q

occurs when one species reduces the availability of a limiting resource to another species, simply by using it (indirect competition)

A

exploitation competition/resource competition

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6
Q

the study of ecological interactions between individuals of two or more species

A

Community ecology

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6
Q

interactions among multiple species

A

community ecology

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6
Q

what are the two types of interspecific competition

A

resource/exploitative and interference competition

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7
Q

competition between two species for a shared resource; by consuming or exploiting that resource, individuals of each species make it less available for individuals of other species

A

resource/exploitative competition

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8
Q

the full range of conditions (biotic and abiotic) and resources within which individuals of a species can survive and reproduce

A

fundamental niche

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9
Q

in the context of interspecific competition, the niche space that individuals of a species can access in the presence of their competitors

A

realized niche

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10
Q

an alteration in the way individuals of a species use resources in the presence of a competitor species

A

niche shift

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11
Q

the splitting of limited resources among individuals of two competing species

A

resource partitioning

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12
Q

the situation where no more individuals of a population or species are present in a location or on Earth; a possible long-term outcome of competition or predation

A

Extinction

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13
Q

the idea that past competition between two or more species may have altered resource use and interaction sufficiently that the species no longer compete; the only lingering signs of their previous competition are non-overlapping but similar resource use

A

Ghost of competition past

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14
Q

the restriction or removal of individuals of one species from a location by another species; a possible long-term outcome of competition or predation

A

Exclusion

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15
Q

a change in gene frequency in a population in which two coevolved species respond to each other’s adaptations over time

A

Evolution

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16
Q

the coexistence of individuals of two species in the same spatial location

A

sympatry

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17
Q

the spatially disjunct existence of two or more groups- that is, the existence of groups in separate and unconnected locations

A

allopatry

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18
Q

interspecific competition requires what

A

a limited resource

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19
Q

the study of multispecies interactions

A

community ecology

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20
Q

where are there more predator-prey relationships?

A

in the arctic because there is less biodiversity

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21
Q

a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically. species

A

keystone species

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22
Q

most food chains are how many trophics high

A

4-5 (textbook says 6 but prof says its rare)

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23
Q

compared to lower trophic level organisms, top predators occur at higher densities or lower densities?

A

lower densities due to limits in energy transfer efficiency

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24
Q

where can we find humans on the food chain?

A

at the top

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25
Q

produced from within a system

A

endogenous

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26
Q

produced from outside a system

A

exogenous

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27
Q

Control of the energy flow in a food web by organisms at the basic tropic level (autotrophs). The abundance of autotrophs limits the amount of energy that is available to, and thus, the abundance of, species at higher trophic levels.

A

Bottom up control

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28
Q

Control of the energy flow in a food web by organisms at the upper trophic levels. By eating organisms at the lower trophic levels, the species at the upper trophic levels control the biomass and abundance of lower levels.

A

top down control

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29
Q

few primary producers, low biomass

A

oligotrophic

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30
Q

many primary producers, high biomass

A

eutrophic

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31
Q

adding phosphorous into the water, leads to algae production, why is this bad?

A

because algae deplete the water of oxygen, and fish die

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32
Q

what was the example of bottom up control used in lec 9

A

algae production in water, killing the fish because fertilizers use phosphorous and increase algae production but too much algae depletes the water of oxygen, so it is bottom up in the way that the lower levels (trophic level 1= algae) are affecting and limiting upper levels (ex. fish)

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33
Q

why do we need top predators such as wolves in an ecosystem?

A

because they keep herbivores and lower level consumers in check (brown world without wolves and green world with wolves)

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34
Q

food chains with odd numbers of trophic levels have _____ densities of primary producers

A

high (a green world)

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35
Q

food chains with even numbers of trophic levels have _____ densities of primary producers

A

low (a brown world)

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36
Q

something that feeds on dead organic material

A

detritivore

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37
Q

how can you determine a species diet

A

direct observation, gut content, and fecal analyses

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38
Q

variants of chemical elements that have differing numbers of neutrons in the atomic nucleus that do not decay radioactively over time

A

stable isotopes

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39
Q

ecologists use what to measure the ratio of different isotopes in tissue samples

A

mass spectrometer

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40
Q

species that have a disproportionally large effect on community structure, function, and/or diversity, relative to their own biomass and/or abundance

A

keystone species, occur in small numbers but have a large effect

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41
Q

species with a large effect on community structure, function, and/or diversity that is proportional to its biomass and/or abundance

A

foundation species, occur in large numbers and have a large effect

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42
Q

what is an example of a keystone species

A

mosquitos, you kill mosquitos, you kill a lot of other things as swell

bees, butterflies, a brick lol

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43
Q

species that create, modify, maintain, or destroy physical habitat

A

ecosystem engineer

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44
Q

both keystone and foundation species can be

A

ecosystem engineers

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45
Q

the overall effect of one species on a second species when both species interact with a third species or with a shared resource; the third species or shared resource mediates the interaction in such a way that the effect may even change in sign or direction.

A

indirect effect

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46
Q

an interaction between species in which the individuals of one species eat the individuals of the other.

A

trophic interaction

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47
Q

a feeding or eating level within a food chain or food web

A

trophic level

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48
Q

the direction in which nutrients and resources are moving up or down a food chain.

A

energy flow

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49
Q

a hierarchical linear set of interacting species depicting tropic interactions.

A

food chain

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50
Q

a representation of the flow of trophic energy up a food chain.

A

tropic pyramid

51
Q

what are the different types of exploitative/consumer resource interactions

A

predation, herbivory, and paratism

52
Q

covert the energy of sunlight (photosynthesis) or inorganic compounds (chemosynthesis) into chemical energy stored in the carbon-carbon bonds of organic compounds

A

autotrophs

53
Q

obtain energy by consuming organic compounds from other organisms

A

heterotrophs

54
Q

an interaction in which individuals of one species increase in fitness by consuming individuals (or parts of individuals) of another species, who experience a decrease in fitness

A

exploitation

55
Q

what is an example of a non-exploitative interaction

A

detritivory (detritivores break down and consume non-living organic material)

56
Q

roughly how many species on Earth are parasitic

A

50%

57
Q

prevent being found by the consumer

A

primary defenses

58
Q

deter consumers from attacking

A

secondary defenses

59
Q

escape or fight back when attacked

A

tertiary defenses

60
Q

what does alpha describe

A

alpha is the competition coefficient describing the effect of species 2 on species 1 on a per capita basis

61
Q

an individual of species 2 affects the per capita population growth rate of species 1 by the SAME amount as an individual of species 1 would (the effects of interspecific and intraspecific competition are equal)

A

alpha = 1

62
Q

an individual of species 2 decreases the per capita population growth of species 1 by a smaller amount than one individual of species 1 would

A

alpha < 1

63
Q

an individual of species 2 decreases the per capita growth rate of species 1 by a larger amount than one individual of species 1 would

A

alpha > 1

64
Q

what aims to describe the population growth of two competing species over time

A

Lotka-Volterra competition model

65
Q

parasites that live inside

A

endoparasites

66
Q

parasites that live outside their hosts

A

ectoparasites

67
Q

a complex cycle between predator (exploiter) and prey in which the density or abundance of each species alters the density or abundance of the other species; predator density increases as prey density increases, but prey density decreases as predator density increases

A

exploiter prey cycle

68
Q

a term in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model that represents the combination of the capture success and eating mode of an organism

A

Capture rate (f)

69
Q

a population’s maximum per capita growth rate in a particular habitat

A

intrinsic rate of increase

70
Q

a term in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model that translates consumed prey into an expected number of offspring for a focal species

A

Exploiter conversion factor (c):

71
Q

lines of zero growth

A

isoclines

72
Q

what are the long term outcomes of competition

A

extinction, exclusion, and evolution

73
Q

if isoclines do not cross what occurs

A

competitive exclusion

74
Q

when isoclines cross what occurs

A

competitive exclusion (one species eventually wins) or coexistence (with both species below their carrying capacity)

75
Q

what did Gause study

A

competitive exclusion (two species competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist at constant population values; one species will typically outcompete and exclude the other)
- he studied Paramecium

76
Q

species using a limiting resource in different ways

A

resource partitioning

77
Q

past competition may explain many current ecological patterns, but in most cases, we will never know

A

Ghost of competition past

78
Q

an adaptive shift in the population-level of a trait that is critical to resource acquisition and other competitive interactions

A

character development (ex. different beak sizes leads to different uses, eat different seeds)

79
Q

what did Robert MacArthur study

A

resource partitioning in birds (different birds, use, live on, feed on different areas of trees) coexistence!

80
Q

what is r

A

per capita growth rate

81
Q

what is an example of a non-exploitative interaction

A

detritivory (detritivores break down and consume non-living organic matter)

82
Q

are carnivores generalists or specialists?

A

generalists meaning that they have broad diets

83
Q

are herbivores generalists or specialists?

A

specialists meaning that they feed on a relatively narrow range of plant species (or even parts of plant species)

84
Q

are parasites generalists or specialists?

A

specialists

85
Q

the stakes are higher for the resource species in a consumer-resource encounter: it might lose its life, while the consumer might just lose out on a meal if unsuccessful

A

life-lunch principle

86
Q

describes the number of prey eaten per predator per unit time as a function of prey density, may stabilize or destabilize predator prey dynamics

A

functional responses (type I, II, III)

87
Q

type WHAT functional response assumes that the number of prey eaten increases linearly with density, with no upper limit

A

type I

88
Q

type WHAT functional response considers handling time and leads to destabilizing dynamics

A

II

89
Q

type WHAT functional response considers prey refuges and prey switching by the predator at low densities and leads to stabilizing dynamics

A

type III

90
Q

organisms that live in or on other organisms

A

symbionts

91
Q

symbionts can be what 2 things

A

mutualists or parasites (majority are parasites)

92
Q

consumes the tissues or body fluids of the organism on which it lives (the host)

A

parasite

93
Q

parasites that cause disease

A

pathogens

94
Q

parasites that can be seen with the naked eye or through a basic microscope

A

macroparasites

95
Q

parasites that are too small to be seen with the naked eye

A

microparasites

96
Q

parasites that live on the outer body surface of the host

A

ecoparasites

97
Q

parasites that live inside their hosts, within cells, tissues, or the alimentary canal

A

endoparasites

98
Q

parasitic worms are also called

A

helminths

99
Q

what are the conditions for the Basic reproductive ratio (R0) for a disease to die out

A

R0 < 1

100
Q

what are the conditions for the Basic reproductive ratio (R0) for a disease to spread

A

R0 >1

101
Q

what SIR model has no recovery; appropriate for diseases that are (almost) always fatal

A

SI-model

102
Q

what SIR model: infection does not guarantee immunity after recovery

A

SIS model

103
Q

what SIR model: accounts for delays between infection and become infectious

A

SEIR model (e stands for exposed, but cannot transmit disease yet because incubation period has not passed)

104
Q

what SIR mode: inclusion of chronic carriers that transmit at low rates for a long time

A

SICR model

105
Q

what signs represent the shorthand for competition

A

(-,-)

106
Q

what signs represent the shorthand for exploitation

A

(+,-)

107
Q

an exploiter species that causes disease in its hosts

A

pathogens

108
Q

a niche element that can be used up

A

resource

109
Q

is detritivory exploitation or predation?

A

no

110
Q

what are the four possible outcomes of exploitation

A
  1. prey extinction that leads to exploiter extinction
  2. exploiter extinction with surviving prey
  3. exploiter-prey cycles
  4. stable coexistence
111
Q

the speed of a chemical reaction is dependent on the concentrations of the chemicals, because a higher concentration means the chemical elements are more likely to randomly bump into each other

A

mass action or the law of mass action (offers a good first estimate of exploiter-prey encounter rates, it seems reasonable that organisms bump into each other based on their density in a habitat)

112
Q

population dynamics that cycle with decreasing amplitude through time

A

damped oscillations

113
Q

the number of prey eaten per exploiter per unit of time

A

functional response

114
Q

a pattern, observed in some species, in which there is a fitness decline as density declines

A

allee effect

115
Q

combination of factors that leads to new individuals entering the next age class, used most frequently to refer to plants entering a new reproductive class

A

recruitment

116
Q

an insect exploiter species that attacks other insects (hosts) and lays its eggs or larvae inside the host. These eggs or larvae will eventually develop, consume, and kill the host insect in the process.

A

parasitoids

  • like predators, they kill their prey or hosts
  • like parasites they tend to have just one prey or host in their lifetime
117
Q

an organism that supports the adult form of a parasite

A

definitive host

118
Q

an organism that supports the non-adult form of a parasite

A

intermediate host

119
Q

the ability of an organism to conceal itself

A

crypsis

120
Q

a colouration pattern found in prey organisms that signals danger (ex. poison) to a potential predator

A

aposematic coloration

121
Q

mimicry is an example of what type of defense

A

secondary defense

122
Q

a form of mimicry in which there is a selective advantage for both the mimic and the model to closely resemble each other, thereby gaining protection by reinforcing a cue sent by their similar trait

A

mullerian mimicry - reinforces a message

123
Q

a form of interspecies mimicry in which the mimic sends a false signal to interacting species. ______ mimicry is common in prey species that do not actually have a mechanism to kill or harm the predator (ex. poison) but show the same signal or pattern as a species that does

A

Batesian mimicry - dilutes a message

124
Q

playing dead-tertiary defense

A

thanatosis

125
Q

a state of coexistence among prey species in a food web that is facilitated, indirectly, by a keystone or other predator that selectively consumes large numbers of a competitively dominant prey species, thus allowing other species to survive and increase the diversity of the community

A

predator-mediated coexistence

126
Q
A

Psychology (24 decks)

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