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Psychology > chapter 3 biology and neuroscience > Flashcards

chapter 3 biology and neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the main cells triggered by electrical impulses to send chemical messages in the brain

A

neurons

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2
Q

two main types of cells in the nervous system

A

glial cells and neurons

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3
Q

helps to regulate increases and decreases in heart rate

A

medulla

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4
Q

helps to regulate involuntary muscular control of facial expressions

A

pons

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5
Q

helps to regulate levels of arousal

A

reticular activating system

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6
Q

the electrical impulse, or activation energy, that sends a message through a neuron

A

action potential

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7
Q

axons that carry signals to the central nervous system

A

afferents

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8
Q

a part of the neuron’s cell membrane that delivers messages to other neurons and body parts

A

axon

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9
Q

chemicals that come from outside of the body, and mimic or enhance in some way the actions of neurotransmitters. They can be either more effective, the same, or less effective than the normal neurotrasnmitter produced in the nervous system

A

agonists

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10
Q

A network of neurons and glia (nuclei) that becomes more active when we learn to be fearful and activate our fear response.

A

amygdala

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11
Q

parts of the neocortex that merge information from primary areas like the visual and auditory cortex. These circuits help us make sense of what we take in.

A

association cortex

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12
Q

part of the brain that is a major processing center for emotions

A

amygdala

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13
Q

Glial (helper) cells that help get nutrition to neurons and maintain the balance of charges particles (ions) inside and outside of the neuron

A

astrocytes

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14
Q

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the more automatic functions of the body

A

autonomic

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15
Q

the intersection between the soma and the axon. This is where the axon begins

A

axon hillock

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16
Q

This is the part of the axon that releases the neurotrasmitter. Once the action potential gets to the axon terminal, this triggers the release of the neurotransmitter

A

axon terminal

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17
Q

interconnected groups of neurons near the base of the brain that help us learn movements and coordinate movement patterns

A

basal ganglia

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18
Q

the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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19
Q

“little brain” A two lowed part of the brain behind the brainstem that helps coordinate movements and problem solving

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

a network that becomes more active when we experience unpleasant things

A

cingulate gyrus

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21
Q

opposite side of the body

A

contralateral

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22
Q

a method used in combination with MRI scans that allows white matter (axons with myelin) to be seen on the scan

A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

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23
Q

extensions of the cell body membrane that brand out to communicate with other neurons

A

dendrites

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24
Q

consisting of clustered groups of neurons called the caudate and putamen, part of the basal ganglia closer to the neocortex that play a central role in coordinating movement.

A

dorsal straitum

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25
Q

axons that carry signals AWAY from the central nervous system

A

efferents

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26
Q

a substance produced in the body

A

endogenous substance

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27
Q

a network of neurons and glia grouped together to perform certain functions

A

ganglia

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28
Q

several different helper cells that assist neruons in their role as the brains communicators, and provide structural support

A

glial cells

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29
Q

pale globe: part of the basal ganglia that plays the role of inhibiting circuits in the thalamus to control how sensory information is coordinated with movement

A

globus pallidus

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30
Q

a neurotransmitter that excites (activates) neurons

A

glutamate

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31
Q

a network of neurons and glia that acts as a gateway for forming new memories

A

hippocampus

32
Q

a network of neurons and glia that helps regulate the production of hormones by the endocrine system, giving it an integral role in governing important bodily functions

A

hypothalamus

33
Q

something that causes the charge inside a neuron to move away from activation (more negative)

A

inhibitory

34
Q

particles with positive or negative charges. The movement os these things creates electricity.

A

ions

35
Q

same side of the body

A

ipsilateral

36
Q

an anatomical term meaning “toward the sides of the body/head.”

A

lateral

37
Q

areas in the brain where neruons have died. It can occur for many reasons, including trauma (getting hit), drug overdose, disease, stroke, or toxic chemical exposure

A

lesions

38
Q

a network of neurons and glia dedicated to regulating emotions, helping regulate endocrine activity, and forming emotional memories

A

limbic system

39
Q

different sections of the neocortex, each dedicated primarily to a certain set of functions

A

lobes

40
Q

an anatomical term meaning “toward the middle and center of the body/head”

A

medial

41
Q

the part of the brain closest to your spinal cord that helps regulate life functions like breathing and heart rate

A

medulla

42
Q

glial (helper) cells that clean debris and get rid of germs

A

mircoglia

43
Q

a protein and fatty substance that wraps around the axon to protect and increase speed of action potentials (electrical impulses)

A

myelin

44
Q

the outer part of your brian, with all the bumps (gyri) and valleys (sulcii), responsible for all the high level processing of information

A

neocortex

45
Q

anything related to the nervous system structure or function

A

neural

46
Q

nerurons organized in an interconnected group, dedicated to a set of functions

A

neural networks

47
Q

diseases in which parts of the brain slowly die over time, resulting in greater disability as the disease progresses

A

neurodegenerative diseases

48
Q

cells that communicate within the brain and with the body to form thoughts and actions. These cells code information as electrical signals, and also release chemicals that influence other neurons/organs/body parts.

A

neurons

49
Q

the ability of neurons and glia to change/adapt to what happens inside and around us

A

neuroplasticity

50
Q

chemicals released from the end of an axon that acts as messages to other neurons and body parts. These chemicals typically bind to receptors.

A

neurotransmitters

51
Q

gaps in the myelin that allow ions to enter into the axon and change the charge inside

A

nodes of ranvier

52
Q

a network of neurons and glia grouped together to perform certain functions

A

nuclei

53
Q

the bottom portion of the temporal lobes in the neocortex dedicated to processing electrical impulses from olfactory (smell) nerves

A

olfactory cortex

54
Q

glial (helper) cells that wrap the myelin insulation around axons in the central nervous system

A

oligodendroxytes

55
Q

the division of your autonomic nervous system that is responsible for resting, digestion, and repairing the body

A

parasympathetic nervous system

56
Q

a chemical that comes from outside the body and either partially enhances, partially mimics, or partially blocks a neurotransmitter action

A

partial agonist/antagonist

57
Q

the other side of the synpase. The neuron that contains receptors (usually on dendrites) ready to bind to the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic neuron.

A

postsynaptic receptors

58
Q

peripheral means outer. this is any part of the nervous system not in the brain or spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

59
Q

a network of cells in the brain stem (myelencephalon) that regulate awarness/alterness, sleep and motor function

A

pons

60
Q

the front portion of the frontal lobes, a network of neurons and glia heavily involved in decision making

A

prefrontal cortex

61
Q

the neuron that releases the neurotransmitter from its axon terminal

A

presynaptic neuron

62
Q

circuits of neurons in the temporal lobe dedicated to receiving and processing messages from the ears through axons of the vestibulochlear nerve

A

primary auditory cortex

63
Q

proteins that are embedded in the cell body membrane and are built to receive chemical messages from neurotransmitters

A

receptors

64
Q

a network of cells in the pons and medulla that help regulate the level of awarness and alterness in humans

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

65
Q

glial (helper) cells that wrap the myelin insulation around axons in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells

66
Q

the cell body of a neuron

A

soma

67
Q

literally of the body. THe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the movement of the torso, head, and limbs. These are the nerves that control and communicate with skeletal muscles

A

SOMATIC nerves

68
Q

a way of using dye to make neurons, axons, and dendrites visible under a microscope

A

staining methods

69
Q

dark substance: another part of the basal ganglia that sends inhibitory signals to the thalamus in order to coordinate sensory information with motor (movement) plans

A

substantia nigra

70
Q

the division of your autonomic nervous system that is responsible for things we do that require excitement

A

sympathetic nervous system

71
Q

a small fluid gap between neurons into which neurotransmitters are released

A

synpase

72
Q

the space between the end of the neuron that releases a neurotransmitter (axon terminal) and the end of the receiving neuron (usually a dendrite)

A

synaptic cleft

73
Q

the very end of the axon terminal, where the neurotransmitter exits

A

terminal button

74
Q

consisting of clustered groups of neurons called the globus pallidus (looks like a pale globe), substantia nigra (black substance), and the subthalamic nucleus (below the thalamus); part of the basal ganglia closer to the neocortex that play a central role in coordinating movement

A

ventral straitum

75
Q

little bubbles at the terminal button that store neurotransmitter molecules

A

vesicles

76
Q

circuits in the rear temporal lobe that seem to be necessary for processing and understanding language

A

wenicke’s area

Psychology (23 decks)

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