chapter 7 Flashcards
a situtation that makes it possible for us to respond and tells us what we might get for that response
antecedent
a type of stimulus that is something you like and for which you will work
appetitive
a phase of social learning in which an observer watches a model doing something
attentional phase
a type of stimulus that is something you don’t like and for which you won’t work
aversive
an operant conditioning procedure in which something you don’t want to happen will happen will happen if you don’t respond, so you respond to prevent it. Your response is more likely under similar conditions in the future
avoidance
a Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which an unconditional stimulus is presented before the conditional stimulus, so the conditional stimulus signals that no unconditional stimulus will occur
backward conditioning
any observable action, including words, gestures, responses, and more that can be repeated, measured, and are affected by a situation to produce or remove some outcome. Behavior can also refer to biological activity, including actions on the cellular level
behavior
the result in which some events serve as better signals or conditional stimuli than others due to evolution
biological preparedness
the assumption that we recreate a mental image of areas in our physical surroundings
cognitive map
a learned response that occurs to the conditional stimulus in preparation for the unconditional stimulus
conditional response
an event in Pavlovian conditioning that requires learning to be meaningful and is only meaningful because the even tells us something about the unconditional stimulus
conditional stimulus
a type of stimuli in which outcomes produced by behavior affect future behavior
consequences
if then rule; if you do this (behavior), then that will happen (consequence)
contingencies
an effect also known as stamping out; we do not associate our behaviors with situations that lead to something we don’t like. we learn not to repeat those behaviors
discomfort (ALSO KNOWN AS STAMPING OUT)
a descriptor for behavior in Pavlovian or classical conditioning, which indicates the response to the stimulus is involuntary
elicits
an operant conditioning procedure in which something you want to stop is happening, your response makes it stop, and you are more likely to respond similarly in the future
escape
a descriptor for a type of Pavlovian conditioning in which the conditional stimulus indicates that an unconditional stimulus will occur. There is a positive correlation between the conditional stimulus and the unconditional stimulus.
excitatory
In Pavlovian conditioning, the signal occurs without what’s signaled and the conditional response goes away; the conditional stimulus is presented alone, and the conditional response decreases.
extinction (classical)
extinction (operant) In operant conditioning, behavior which was previously reinforced now produces no consequence and goes away; the response is not reinforced and decreases.
extinction (operant)
An effect in which behavior that was previously reinforced occurs at a higher rate without consequences at the beginning of extinction.
extinction burst
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after a set amount of time and a few responses.
fixed interval (FI)
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after a set number of responses.
fixed ratio (FR)
A conditioning procedure in which an already-conditioned signal is paired with a neutral stimulus or currently meaningless event.
higher-order conditioning
A phase of social learning in which a model demonstrates behavior and an observer copies it.
imitation
A descriptor for a type of Pavlovian conditioning in which the conditional stimulus indicates that no unconditional stimulus will occur. There is a negative correlation between the conditional stimulus and the unconditional stimulus.
inhibitory
A term for something you’re born knowing how to do.
innate
A type of learning that has happened but hasn’t had an opportunity to be demonstrated.
latent learning
A description for the finding that we learn about situations and behavior that lead to something we like (satisfaction; stamping in) and do not learn to associate situations and behavior that lead to something we don’t like (discomfort; stamping out).
law of effect
Experiencing an aversive situation you can’t control prevents you from learning to control other aversive situations.
learned helplessness
Change in behavior due to experience.
learning
The signal occurs many seconds before what’s signaled.
long delayed conditioning
A phase of social learning in which the observer obtains the same outcome as the model for the same response.
motivational phase
An operant conditioning procedure in which behavior removes a consequence and makes your response less likely in the future.
negative punishment
An operant conditioning procedure in which behavior removes a consequence and makes your response more likely in the future.
negative reinforcement
A type of stimulus in which an environmental event currently has no meaning; the stimulus does not indicate whether the unconditional stimulus will occur.
neutral stimulus
Also known as instrumental learning, in which the consequences of our behavior matter.
operant (instrumental) conditioning
Also known as social or vicarious learning. We understand what to do by watching others.
observational learning
An effect in which behavior reinforced only occasionally lasts longer without consequences than behavior reinforced every time when consequences are no longer available.
partial reinforcement extinction effect
Also known as classical conditioning. A type of learning in which one seemingly insignificant event signals an important event; a conditional stimulus provides information about the presence or absence of an unconditional stimulus.
pavlovial conditioning
A descriptor for extreme and irrational fear.
phobias
An operant procedure in which behavior produces a consequence, and then your response will not continue to occur in similar situations in the future.
positive punishment
An operant procedure in which behavior produces a consequence and that behavior will continue to occur in similar situations in the future.
positive reinforcement
A type of stimulus also known as unconditioned reinforcers in which biologically important consequences make your behavior more likely in the future.
primary reinforcers
A phase of social learning in which an observer copies what the model demonstrated.
production phase
A type of stimulus-response relationship which is either learned or innate and indicates that behavior occurs automatically in response to its stimulus.
reflexes
Also known as a contingency analysis, the test is a way to determine if the consequence you selected is a reinforcer and increases the frequency of a behavior.
reinforcer test
A type of stimulus presented as consequences which increase the future probability of a behavior.
reinforcers
A phase of social learning in which an observer remembers what the model did and can imitate that response later.
retention phase
An effect also known as stamping in, we learn to associate our behaviors with situations that lead to something we like; we learn to repeat those behaviors.
satisfaction (stamping in)
A description in words and numbers of how and when we’ll earn reinforcers.
schedules of reinforcement
A type of stimulus also known as conditioned reinforcers in which consequences that were paired with primary reinforcers or already-meaningful reinforcers will make your behavior more likely in the future.
secondary reinforcers
A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after an average amount of responses.
variable ratio (VR)
schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcers are produced after an average amount of time and a few responses.
variable interval (VI)
A type of stimulus in Pavlovian conditioning in which a biologically important event requires no conditioning to affect our behavior.
uncondtional stimulus
A type of response in Pavlovian conditioning in which a biologically important response occurs because of an unconditional stimulus.
unconditional response
A conditioning procedure in which the signal occurs many minutes or hours before what’s signaled. The conditional stimulus occurs a long time before the unconditional stimulus.
trace conditioning
A type of conditioning in which animals learn not to eat foods that are accompanied by certain smells and tastes associated with illness.
taste aversion learning
A type of behavior, specifically, the response in which we’re interested.
target behavior
An effect in which an animal notices similarities between objects and responds to the objects as if they were the same.
stimulus generalization
An effect in which an animal notices differences between objects and responds to the objects as though they were different.
stimulus discrimination
An event in the situation tells us about our environment and what to do.
stimulus
An effect in which, after extinction and a break without the signal or what’s signaled, the signal occurs alone, and the conditional response reappears.
spontaneous recovery
A conditioning procedure in which the signal and what’s signaled occur at the same time. The conditional stimulus and unconditional stimulus overlap completely.
simultaneous condioning
A conditioning procedure in which the signal or seemingly unimportant event occurs a few seconds before what’s signaled or the important event. The conditional stimulus is presented just before the unconditional stimulus.
short delayed conditioning
An operant conditioning procedure to generate new behavior in which you get new responses by breaking down a complex response into smaller steps and reinforcing responses that look more and more like that final form and no longer reinforcing earlier approximations.
shaping
