b11 Flashcards
what type of bond connects a base pair (ex A and T)
hydrogen bond
what do nucleosides consist of?
sugar + nitrogenous base
what do nucleotides consist of?
nucleoside + phosphate group (s)
what are the four nucleosides?
AdenoSINE, thrymidINE, guanoSINE, cytiDINE
true or false: purines and larger than pyrimidines
true, purines are double ringed and pyrimidines and single ringed
what are the purines and what are the pyrimidines
Purines: G and A
Pyrimidines: T, C, U (in RNA)
in a nucleotide, where is the phosphate group bonded to the sugar
5’ carbon of sugar
in a nucleotide, where is the nitrogenous base bonded to the sugar?
1’ carbon of sugar
nucleotides are joined together by:
3’ - 5’ phosphodiester linkages (3’ hydroxyl on carbon 3 joins to 5’ phosphate on carbon 5 of anther nucleotide)
- 3’ end is a sugar of one nucleotide
- 5’ is a phosphate of one nucleotide
thats why it is a SUGAR PHOSPHATE backbone!
how many hydrogen bonds are between nitrogenous bases
A and T: 2 hydrogen bonds
G and C: 3 hydrogen bonds
DNA to RNA
transcription
RNA to protein
translation
the complex of DNA and its tightly bound proteins
chromatin!
highly conserved means what
highly important
codes for the amino acid sequence of proteins
exons
spliced out during RNA processing
introns
changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA can be caused by errors in what?
DNA replication OR DNA repair
change in the DNA sequence
mutation
switching one nucleotide for another
point mutation
who has a higher error rate? bacteria or humans
bacteria!
bacteria: 3 per 10^10 nucleotides copied
human: 1 per 10^10 nucleotides copied
addition of one or more nucleotide into a segment of DNA
insertions
removal of one or more nucleotide in a segment of DNA
deletions
addition of one or more copies of any piece of DNA into a segment
duplications
when a segment breaks off and reattaches within the same chromosome, but in reverse orientation
inversions
RNA that has catalytic activity
ribozymes
rearrangement between two chromosomes
interchromosomal rearrangements
rearrangement within 1 chromosome
intrachromosomal rearrangements
translocations where there is a swap of material without any net loss or gain to the genome
reciprocal translocation
translocations where there is a loss or gain or material
non-reciprocal translocation
defines the presence of two or more genes on the same chromosome of a given species
synteny
sequences that repeat over and over without interruption
Tandem repeats
what are the three types of tandem repeats
satellite DNA, minisatellite DNA, microsatellite DNA
5-500 bp in tandem repeats and repeats up to 100kb that can form very large clusters
satellite DNA
10-100bp with up to 3000 repeats
minisatellite DNA
1-5 bp in clusters of 10-40 bo scattered quite evenly throughout the genome
microsatellite DNA
present as a single copy per haploid set of chromosomes
Includes the genes for almost all proteins
non-repetitive DNA
are repetitive DNA sequences stable?
NO
repetitive sequences can be expanded or destroyed by
SLIPPAGE events causing misalignment
2 different forms of the same gene
alleles
DNA that moves from one place to another in the genome
Mobile DNA
what does it mean to say plants and animals have low gene density
- we have lots of non-coding regions in our DNA
- lots of unimportant stuff
- lots of space due to HUGE genome
when does crossing over happen
prophase of meiosis I
similar genes with similar but distinct function
multigene families
one of two or more genes that are similar in sequence as a result of derivation from the same ancestral gene.
homolog
genes in two separate species that derive from the same ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of those two species.
ortholog
genes or proteins that are similar in sequence because they are the result of gene duplication event occurring in an ancestral organism.
paralog
a DNA strand is synthesized in what direction
5’ to 3’
what adds new nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
DNA polymerases
what two sites does DNA polymerization have
polymerization site (to add nucleotides) and an editing site (when there is a mistake)
The ability of the two DNA strands to unwind and separate into two individual strands
Denaturation
complementary single stranded DNA molecules can re-associate
Renaturation or reannealing or hybridization
true or false:
double stranded DNA absorbs more UV light than single stranded DNA
false
The higher the ____content of DNA, the higher the Tm the melting temperature
G/C
where does DNA replication initiate
at sequences rich in A-T base pairs
why?
- because they have 2 hydrogen bonds and are easier to break apart than G-C which have 3 hydrogen bonds
1 replication bubble contains how many replication forks?
2 replication forks
points where a pair of replicating segments come together
replication forks
prokaryotic replication forks move in ________ direction(s)
opposite