module 2 b34 Flashcards
is the scaling of metabolic rate linear or non linear
non linear
the capacity to do work
energy (units in Joule)
the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced
work (units in Joule)
work = force x distance
mechanical work (using our muscles when our heart beats)
the rate at which work is done
power
unit: Watt
W=J/s
the set of processes by which cells and organisms acquire, rearrange and void commodities (ex. Elements or energy) in ways that sustain life
metabolism
an animal’s rate of energy consumption; the rate at which it converts chemical-bond energy to heat and work
A measure of power
metabolic rate
what are the two ways in which cells store energy
reducing energy and high energy bonds
energy can be stored in what kind of bonds
covalent
what is the most common high energy molecule
ATP
what are some characteristics of carbohydrates
- hydrates of carbon
- many hydroxyl (-OH) groups
- Important as a biosynthesis precursor to any other carbohydrates
what is the main carbohydrate storage form in animals
glycogen
glycogen synthesis
glycogenesis
glycogen breakdown
glycogenolysis
does glycolysis require oxygen
no
There are steps in glycolysis where energy is inputted, which is referred to as
energonic
all lipids are
hydrophic (meaning they do not dissolve in water)
lipids with LINEAR carbon backbones are called
aliphatic
ex. fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
lipids with RING carbon backbones are called
aromatic
ex. steroids
what are lipids used for
energy metabolism, cell structure (cell membranes) and signaling
Chain of carbon atoms ending with a carboxyl group
fatty acids
saturated or unsaturated:
fatty acids with no double bonds between carbons
saturated
saturated or unsaturated:
one or more double bonds between carbons
unsaturated
what is a more dense form of energy storage than carbohydrates and why
fatty acids
water associates with carbs and not with oils/fats because hydrophobic nature or fatty acids
process in which we breakdown fatty acids
beta oxidation
- happens in mitochondria
- results in formation of acetyl coA
- acetyl coA is then oxidized (in the citric acid cycle)
Caused by low oxygen levels in the blood
hypoxia
refers to a total absence of oxygen in the tissues
anoxia
Increasing lipolysis ________ glycolysis and vice versa
decreases
measuring metabolic rate actually measures what
metabolic rate
= rate of CO2 production/O2 consumption
Respiratory quotient (RQ)
when is there a high ATP turnover rate
exercise
when is there a low ATP turnover rate
rest
used in glucogenesis in liver (glucose returned to tissues to rebuild glucose)
cori cycle for lactate
The Cori cycle is a metabolic pathway that links the muscles and the liver in a process to recycle lactate and glucose during intense exercise or anaerobic metabolism. It allows the body to manage lactate accumulation and maintain energy supply when oxygen levels are insufficient for aerobic respiration.
metabolic rate of homeothermic animal at rest (not sleeping), post-absorptive (not digesting food), at a temperature within thermal neutral zone
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
same as BMR, expect for poikilothermic animal, at a defined environmental temperature
standard metabolic rate (SMR)
metabolic rate of animal at rest under defined conditions
Not necessarily during quiescent phase (doing nothing), or totally post absorptive, or within thermal neutral zone
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
- Higher than BMR
the actual, realized metabolic rate of an animal behaving naturally in the wild
field metabolic rate
Total energetic cost of a day of life
daily energy expenditure
