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Psychology > b20 > Flashcards

b20 Flashcards

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1
Q

the changes that occur across the lifespan, from conception to death

A

development

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2
Q

what is development driven by? two things

A

maturation and learning

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3
Q

what are developmentalists 3 goals?

A
  1. describe development
  2. explain development
  3. optimize development
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4
Q

What is this called and WHO came up with it: children are born full of sin, evil and that they needed to be molded by society

A

original sin

Thomas Hobbes

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5
Q

What is this called and WHO came up with it: children are born knowing what is right and what is wrong
It is society that corrupts children

A

innate purity

Jean Jacques Rousseau

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6
Q

What is this called and WHO came up with it: children are born with a clean state, they are neither good or bad

A

Tabula Rasa

John Locke

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7
Q

testing a theory or hypothesis using objective and replicable methods

A

Scientific Method

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8
Q

theoretical predications for an experiment

A

hypotheses

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9
Q

a way of describing and/or explaining patterns of behavior

A

theory

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10
Q

As part of the scientific method, measures should be what two things?

A
  1. reliable
  2. valid
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11
Q

the extent to which a measure yields consistent results

A

reliable

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12
Q

the extent to which a test measures what it intended to measure

A

valid

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13
Q

are two variables related, what type of design?

A

correlational designs

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14
Q

how does change in one variable influence another variable, what type of design?

A

experimental designs

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15
Q

the variable that is being manipulated

A

independent variable

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16
Q

the variable that is being measured

A

dependent variable

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17
Q

another variable that may influence the dependent variable

A

confounding variable

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18
Q

unbiased assignment of participants to conditions

A

random assignments

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19
Q

What are three ways in which we measure developmental changes over time?

A
  1. cross sectional design
  2. longitudinal design
  3. sequential design
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20
Q

data from various age groups collected at one point in time

A

cross-sectional design

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21
Q

measuring the same individual across time

A

longitudinal design

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22
Q

studying/measuring different age groups over time

A

sequential design

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23
Q

the expression of approval or agreement

A

assent

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24
Q

permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

A

consent

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24
Q

the tendency of some people to be more likely to drop out of a study than others

A

selective attrition

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25
Q

what is relevant and true in one generation might not be relevant and true in another generation

A

cross-generlational prob

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25
Q

the period within the seventh prenatal month (last two months) and 2 years of age when more than half of the child’s evental brain weight is added

A

Brain growth spurt

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26
Q

what is the term for oxygen deprivation at birth

A

anoxia

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27
Q

what is the disorder in which a deficiency in surfactin causes irregular breathing or stops breathing?

A

respiratory distress syndrome

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28
Q

a quick test performed on a baby at 1 to 5 minutes after birth, this tells us what

A

apgar test, tells us how well the baby is doing outside the mother’s womb

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29
Q

a test administers to babies a few days after birth or months after

A

Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS)

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30
Q

unlearned and automatic response to a stimulus or class of stimuli

A

Reflex

31
Q

inborn responses such as breathing, sucking, and swallowing that enable the newborn to adapt to the environment

A

Survival reflexes

32
Q

an infant who is touched on the cheek will turn in that direction and search for something to suck

A

Rooting reflex

33
Q

reflexes controlled by subcortical areas of the brain that gradually disappear over the first year of life.

A

Primitive reflexes

34
Q

a white, cheesy covering that helps prevent chapped skin

A

vernix

35
Q

a fine layer of body hair to help cover the body

A

lanugo

36
Q

what is the brain growth spurt

A

period from 7 months gestation to 2 years of age of rapid brain development in which the brain goes from 25% of its adult weight to 75% of its adult weight

37
Q

what causes the brain growth spurt

A

myelination and synaptogenesis

38
Q

what pathways are myelinated at birth

A

sensory pathways

39
Q

what is synaptic pruning?

A

refers to the refinement and elimination of neurons

40
Q

synaptic pruning is an exmaple of

A

brain plasticity

41
Q

the brain is shaped by experience

A

brain plasticity

42
Q

increased sensitivity to frequently encountered stimuli and reduced sensitivity to infrequently encountered stimuli

A

Perceptual narrowing

43
Q

what leads to perceptual narrowing

A

synaptic pruning

44
Q

what are the three theories that possibly explain perceptual narrowing? and which is the one that is right

A
  1. perceptual learning theory
  2. universal theory
  3. attunement theory

the one that is right is the attunement theory

45
Q

the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected by

A

the corpus callosum

46
Q

outer layer of the cerebrum (main part of brain) is what

A

cerebral cortex, grey matter

47
Q

the specialisation of brain functions in the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebral lateralization

48
Q

when does cerebral lateralization start

A

prenatal period

49
Q

inborn responses such as breathing, sucking and swallowing that are valuable for survival

A

survival reflexes

50
Q

reminisce of evolutionary history, may have had a purpose before but not now

A

Primitive reflexes

51
Q

stroke the bottom of a babies foot, and the toes will fan out and then curl back out

A

Babinski reflex

52
Q

sensation

A

information received by sense organs

53
Q

perception

A

our interpretation of information received by sense organs

54
Q

blank slate

A

tabula rasa

55
Q

infants hearing can be disrupted by fluid in the middle of the ear, this is called

A

otitis media

56
Q

which person is recognized by operant conditioning

A

B.F Skinner

57
Q

what is a zygote

A

fathers sperm + mothers ovum

58
Q

a group of nucleotide bases on the DNA that provides a specific set of biochemical instructions

A

Gene

59
Q

does crossing over happen in mitosis or meiosis

A

meiosis

60
Q

one zygote that divides to from two genetically identical individuals

A

Monozygotic (identical twins)

61
Q

occurs when two ova are released simultaneously and each is fertilized by a different sperm

A

Dizygotic (fraternal twins)

62
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an organism

63
Q

observable characteristic

A

Phenotype

64
Q

two alleles are expressed equally as strongly

A

Codominance

65
Q

an example of codominance is

A

blood type

66
Q

characteristics influences by many pairs of alleles

A

Polygenic traits

67
Q

A time when it is particularly susceptible to damage from teratogens

A

sensitive period

68
Q

method in which the researcher seeks to understand the unique values, traditions, and social processes of a culture or subculture by living with its members and making extensive observations and notes.

A

ethnography

69
Q

a study in which the investigator measures the impact of some naturally occurring event that is assumed to affect people’s lives.

A

natural (quasi) experiment

70
Q

the tendency of some people to be more likely to drop out of a study than others

A

Selective attrition

71
Q

what is relevant and true in one generation might not be relevant and true in another generation, differences in the generalizability of findings

A

cross-generalizational prob

72
Q

the expression of approval or agreement

A

assent

73
Q

permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

A

consent

74
Q

What makes a good theory?

A

has to be
1. falsifiable
2. parsimonious
3. heuristic

75
Q

Four Overarching Themes in Developmental Psychology:

A
  1. continuity and discontinuity
  2. nature and nurture
  3. active children
  4. holilstic nature of development
76
Q

stability in rank, change in regards to a specific characteristic

A

positional

77
Q
A

Psychology (24 decks)

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