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Psychology > eco module 3 > Flashcards

eco module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ecology

A

ecology is the study how organisms interact with each other and their environment

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2
Q

what is the goal of ecology

A

understand distribution and abundance of organisms

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3
Q

what is ethology

A

the study of character

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4
Q

what did Niko Tinbergen study

A

geese and egg retrieval behaviours and wasps have visual cues rather than spatial awareness

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5
Q

what did Konrad Lorenz study

A

geese imprinting (the first organism or big object they see, they follow)

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6
Q

what did Karl von Frisch study

A

language of bees (waggle dance)

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7
Q

improvement in one trait or behavior comes at the expense of another

A

fitness trade off

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8
Q

movements in a specific direction in response to a stimulus

A

taxis

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9
Q

random, undirected movements toward favorable conditions

A

kinesis

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10
Q

what are the two types of orientation

A

kinesis and taxis

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11
Q

movement toward a magnetic field

A

magnetotaxis

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12
Q

produced by a set of molecular mechanisms that cycles on its own and keeps a regular rhythm (can be daily, monthly, or yearly)

A

biological clocks

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13
Q

daily (diurnal) cycles that are primarily governed by changes in light-dark cycles

A

circadian clocks

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14
Q

what facilitates habitat selection

A

movement and migration

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15
Q

long-distance movement of a population associated with change of seasons

A

migration

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16
Q

what are the three proximate causes of navigation

A

piloting/map sense, compass orientation, true navigation

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17
Q

what is map sense based on

A

landmarks

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18
Q

animals have a sense of specific location on earth where they need to go

A

true navigation

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19
Q

what is the ultimate cause of migration

A

food availability

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20
Q

what period are birds exposed to songs

A

sensitive period

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21
Q

what are the two types of inclusive fitness?

A

direct and indirect

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22
Q

fitness derived from an individual’s own offspring

A

direct fitness

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23
Q

fitness derived from helping relatives produce more offspring

A

indirect fitness

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24
Q

all individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place and time

A

population

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25
Q

what are the three defining features of a population

A

size, range, density

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26
Q

a process by which non-signaling behavior patterns evolve to become communicative signals

A

ritualization

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27
Q

when did atmospheric levels of CO2 start to increase

A

during the industrial revolution

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28
Q

name of curve that records changing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over time

A

Keeling curve

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29
Q

when does CO2 concentration reach its annul high point

A

in the spring

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30
Q

when does CO2 concentration reach its annual low

A

in the fall

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31
Q

how is carbon dioxide added to the environment (3)

A

geological inputs (volcanoes and mid ocean ridges), biological inputs (respiration), human activities

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32
Q

how is carbon dioxide removed from the environment (2)

A

geological removal (chemical weathering, CO2 reacts with rocks) and biological removal (photosynthesis)

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33
Q

does respiration remain constant throughout the year

A

yes

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34
Q

what are the two CO2 sources

A

fossil fuels and industry and land use change

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35
Q

exploitation of preexisting sensory bias

A

sensory drive

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36
Q

signals are elaborated versions of ordinary behaviors.

A

Sender precursor

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37
Q

honest signals means signals that are_____

A

reliable

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38
Q

serves to warn or repel predators (ex. yellow and black snakes are poisonous)

A

aposematism

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39
Q

self-sacrificing

A

altruism

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40
Q

highest level of organization in sociality

A

eusociality

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41
Q

all individuals of all ages of a species that are alive at a particular time in a particular place

A

size

42
Q

how wide a population is spread and is determines by climates and other species

A

range

43
Q

what are the three distribution patterns

A

random, uniform, clumped

44
Q

what is the equation for density

A

size/range

45
Q

the study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time

A

demography

46
Q

the ability to produce an abundance of offspring

A

fecundity

47
Q

for net reproductive rates when is the population stable

A

when the sum = 1

48
Q

for net reproductive rates when is the population increasing

A

when the sum is >1

49
Q

for net reproductive rates when is the population decreasing

A

when the sum is <1

50
Q

produce large number of offspring

A

r-strategists

51
Q

produce relatively few young and provide care (us)

A

K-strategists

52
Q

what is the edge effect

A

there is more survival in the middle of the habitat, the edge of the habitat has higher exposure to things like wind, etc.

53
Q

all populations of different species that interact in a certain area

A

biological communities

54
Q

physical habitat (where is occurs) and ecological role (what it does) of a species

A

niche

55
Q

what are sessile/sedentary organisms

A

organisms that don’t move

56
Q

how can we count mobile organisms

A

mark and recapture

57
Q

what is the equation for calculating population size (N) in mark and recapture

A

N (population size) = C (total captured on second day)/ R (recaptures). x M (marked individuals caught on the first day)

58
Q

what makes the population increase

A

immigration and birth

59
Q

what makes the population decrease

A

emigration and death

60
Q

what is the formula for population growth

A

delta N = N2 - N1 = (B - D) + (I - E)

61
Q

what is the per capita growth rate formula

A

r = (delta N t)/ N1

62
Q

what kind of growth does constant per capita growth rate lead to

A

exponential growth

63
Q

the per capita growth rate, r is also called

A

the intrinsic rate of increase, the maximum rate of growth when no environmental factors limit population increase

64
Q

competition between members of the same species

A

intraspecific competition

65
Q

competition between members of two different species

A

interspecific competition

66
Q

The maximum number of individuals any habitat can support

A

carry capacity (K)

67
Q

what is a social species

A

species that live together in groups and interact!

68
Q

describes processes affecting population that are influences by the number of individual organisms. Such as the use of resources or susceptibility to predation or parasitism

A

density dependent factors

69
Q

describes factors such as severe drought that influence population size without regard for the density of the population

A

density independent factors

70
Q

summarizes probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in any given time interval over the course of its life

A

life table

71
Q

the proportion of offspring produced that survive, on average, to a particular age

A

survivorship

72
Q

what are the three types of survivorship curves

A

type 1: late life mortality (like us humans)
type 2: steady survivorship, mortality is constant throughout life
type 3: early life mortality

73
Q

Why can’t all populations have high fecundity and high survival?

A

fitness trade offs

74
Q

how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction and behaviors or morphology related to survival

A

life history

75
Q

changes in populations through time and space

A

population dynamics

76
Q

large populations made up of small populations that are linked by movements between them

A

metapopulations

77
Q

are small or large populations of species more likely to go locally extinct?

A

small are more vulnerable to extinction

78
Q

the full range of climate conditions and food resources in which individuals may live

A

fundamental niche

79
Q

the actual resources and habitats used by a species

A

realized niche

80
Q

interactions in which animals have different goals, cost on one organism, benefit on one organism

A

antagonisitc

81
Q

what are the antagonistic species interactions

A

competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism

82
Q

interaction in which both species benefit

A

mutualism

83
Q

interaction in which one benefits and the other is unaffected

A

commensalism

84
Q

prevents two species from occupying the same niche at the same time

A

competitive exclusion

85
Q

animals compete until they have different niches

A

niche differentiation/resource partionioning

86
Q

Ongoing struggling between competing sets of co-evolving genes, phenotypic and behavioural traits that develop escalating adaptation and counter-adaptations against each other

A

evolutionary arms race

87
Q

when one of both sides of a mutualism cannot survive or reproduce without the other (like aphids and bacteria

A

obligate mutualism

88
Q

when one or both sides of a mutualism can survive without the other (like midges and cacao)

A

facultative mutualism

89
Q

ecosystem engineers are a type of what species

A

keystone species

90
Q

what are the three factors of disturbance?

A

type of disturbance, frequency, and severity

91
Q

soil building that occurs after a disturbance has removed soil and organisms

A

primary succession

92
Q

more rapid rebuilding of community because soil is still present

A

secondary succession

93
Q

mature ecosystems, result of succession

A

climax community

94
Q

species able to survive in barren spaces/environments

A

Pioneer species

95
Q

A type of indirect interaction where one species creates a suitable habitat for another

A

facilitation

96
Q

sequence of ecological interactions that occur when a species benefits a second specious that in turn has a positive effect on a third species and so on

A

facilitation cascade

97
Q

count of how many species are present in a given community

A

species richness

98
Q

calculated by adding all energy, food, materials, and services and estimating how much land needed to provide these resources

A

ecological footprint

99
Q

what geological age are we in currently

A

Holocene

100
Q

what are the important greenhouse gases?

A

CO2, water vapour, methane

101
Q

species found in one place and nowhere else

A

Endemic species

Psychology (32 decks)

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