psyb20 midterm 2 Flashcards
in the multistore model, information flows through what three processing units?
sensory memory, short term/working memory, long term memory
thought that occurs without awareness that one is thinking; is unconscious
Implicit cognition
what age for the preoperational stage
2-7 years
effortful techniques used to improve memory
Ex. rehearsal, semantic organization, and elaboration
memory strategies or mnemoincs
planning and executing strategies on the information gathered from LTS
executive function
what did Piaget think about on children talked to themselves
Piaget thought it was egocentric speech and believed that it was non-social in nature and that it reflected their egocentric perspectives, PE
thinking and thought processes of which we are consciously aware; is conscious
explicit cognition
what age for the concrete operational stage
7 to 11 years
what is cognition
- activity of knowing
- the mental processes used to acquire knowledge and solve problems
what are some frequently used memory strategies
rehearsal, organization, elaboration
reasoning from the general to specific
deductive reasoning
the ability to prevent ourselves from executing some cognitive or behavioral response
Inhibition
______ memory holds large amounts of information for a very brief period of time
sensory
intentionally choosing to not attend to information
inhibitory control
what kind of reasoning emerges in the formal operational stage
inductive reasoning (not deductive reasoning)
what are the two cognitive processes
organization and adaptation (assimilation and accommodation)
in an information-processing system can refer to the amount of space available to store information, how long information can be stored, or how quickly information can be processed
capacity
rearranging existing schemes into more complex ones
organization
a fundamental concept in developmental psychology introduced by Jean Piaget. It refers to a child’s understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or otherwise sensed.
object permanence
genetic epistemology is a fancy way of saying
developmental psychology, also is the experimental study of the origin of knowledge
schemas are developed from repeated exposure to information, and this leads to the organization of gist-like mental representations
schema theories
the ability to think hypothetically
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Renne sees a kangaroo for the first time and tries to adapt to this novel (new) stimulus by constructing it as something familiar: a “doggie”. What is this process, according to Piaget’s theory?
assimilation
how does the capacity of working memory (STS) change with age?
- change in memory span
- change in the speed at which information is processed
- change in domain-specific processing efficiency
what age for the sensorimotor stage
birth to 2 years
are words or concepts that are highly related to a specific theme or list of items but are not themselves presented in the list.
Critical lures
it is a type of information processing model; it depicts the flow of information in thinking
multistore model
It refers to the tendency of young children, typically during the preoperational stage (ages 2-7), to focus on one noticeable aspect of a situation or object while ignoring other important features.
centration
what we know about the world is NOT aligning with what we see
Cognitive disequilibrium
proposes that memories are encoded on a continuum (from verbatim traces to fuzzy traces)
fuzzy trace theory
what did Vygotsky think about on children talked to themselves
Vygotsky referred to it as private speech, and that it was self-communicative in nature; this private speech eventually turns into an inner speech that is used as a cognitive self-guidance system, VP
area of the brain that activates the organism and is though to be important in regulating attention
reticular formation
processes involved as one consciously attempts to retain or retrieve information
strategic memory
specialized learning mechanisms for different domains/areas
domain-specific processing efficiency
interpret new experiences with existing schemes
assimilation
what is the piagetian term for an organized pattern of though or action that the child constructs to understand their experience?
scheme/schema
The speed at which information is processed is measured through what
reaction time tasks
knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities
Metacognition
reasoning from specific observations to broad generalizations, thinking like a scientist
inductive reasoning
moving form one strategy to another
set-shifting
A _______ is an organized pattern of thought or action that one constructs to interpret some aspect of one’s experiences
scheme
dismissing irrelevant information
Cognitive inhibition
pattern of thought
schema
capacity for sustaining attention to a particular stimulus or activity
Attention span
understanding that even though something has changed in physical appearance, the matter has not changed
conservation
(i.e, the amount of information that can be held in the STS: measured through digit span tasks)
memory span
process of selecting stimuli to detect or work on
attention
If a schema refers to an event, it is referred to as a ______
script
failure to spontaneously generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory
Production deficiency
changes that occur in mental skills and abilities over the course of life
Cognitive Development
when children experience little or no benefit when they use a new strategy
Utilization deficiency
Piaget viewed the child as what
a constructivist (children are active in their development)
what age for the formal operational stage
11 years and up
capacity to focus on task-relevant aspects of experience while ignoring irrelevant or distracting information
selective attention
verbatim details become more fuzzy, gist list traces
disintegration
modify existing schemes to interpret new experiences (we need to modify existing experience, schema to accommodate new information)
accommodation
goal-directed and deliberately implemented mental operations used to facilitate task performance
strategies
what is another name for short term memory
working memory
long term memory for events
event memory
memory for important events that happened to the individual
autobiographical memory
inability to remember things that happened as an infant
Infantile amnesia
a system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning
language
what are the four ways in which language differs from communicaiton
language is :
1. symbolic, artbitary units of meaning
2. structured and meaningful
3. shows displacement
4. characterized by generativity
what are the three theories of language development
- learning/empiricist perspective
- nativist perspective
- interactionist perspective
includes negative or positive rewards and punishment
operant conditioning
part of the brain responsible for language produciton
Broca’s area
part of the brain responsible for language comprehension
wernicke’s area
difficulty producing language is due to what
Broca’s aphasia
you can speak but it makes no sense is due to what
Wernicke’s aphasia
what are the 5 components of language
- phonology 2. morpholgoy 3. semantics 4. syntax 5. pragmatics
refers to the basic units of sounds, or phonemes, that are used in a language and the rules for combining these sounds
phonology
basic units of sound
phonemes
increased sensitivity to frequently encountered stimuli and decreased sensitivity to infrequently encountered stimuli
perceptual narrowing
rules for making words out of sounds
morphology
the smallest meaningful units of language
morphemes
meaning expressed in words and sentences
semanitcs
stand alone words
free morphemes
cannot stand alone but change the meaning when attatched to a free morpheme (ex -s)
bound morphemes
refers to the structure of a language. It refers to the rules for meaningful word combinations.
syntax
knowledge of how language is used to communicate effectively and appropriately in social contexts
pragmatics
cultural rules of language use, social editors
sociolinguistic knowledge
the period of time before infants speak their first meaningful words
Prelinguistic period
we achieve equilibrium through the process of
adaptation and organization
understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible or detectable through other senses
object permanence
when did piaget underestimate the ages of cognitive development
he thought that object permanence only happens after 8 months but it has been proven be show up as early as 3 months
the ability to act on an object in ones mind
operations
why is symbolic function so important
speed, scope, social interaction
attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects
Animism
children aren’t very good at taking the perspective at other people, they are focused on their perspective only
Egocentrism
what are limitations of the preoperational period
animinsm, egocentrism, centration
ability to mentally arrange items along quantifiable dimensions (height and weight) (ex. Line up according to height)
mental seriation
ability to recognize relations among elements in a serial order, recognize different relationships among different things, ex if A is bigger than B and B is bigger than C therfore C is smaller than A and B
transitivity
refers to the ability to shift focus from oneself or a single perspective to consider multiple viewpoints, aspects, or elements of a situation simultaneously.
Decentration
when did piaget overestimate the ages of cognitive development
in the formal operational stage, pendulum task
when did piaget underestimate the ages of cognitive development
sensorimotor stage, object permanence
if an individual is unsuccessful on a conservation task what stage are they in
pre-operational
if an individual is successful on a conservation task what stage are they in
concrete operational
who developed the sociocultural perspective of development
Lev Vygotsky
what an individual can achieve with assistance
Zone of proximal development
refers to the variation of pitch in speech that helps convey meaning, emotion, or emphasis.
intonation
orienting someone’s attention to an object
declarative gesture
gestures used to convince others to grant infants request
imperative gestures
turn taking is present by what
prelinguishtic period, 7 or 8 months
gestures are present by what
prelinguistic period, 8 to 10 months
one word utternaces (ex. ball, up)
holophrases
holophrases are present around what age
1 year of age
words are combined in a minimal way, present by 1.5 years of age, ex. give ball
telegraphic speech
when do children transition to using sentences
by 2.5 years of age
rapid acquisition of new words for objects
Naming explosion (18 -24 months of age) (1.5-2 years)
linking a word to a meaning after one or two exposures.
Fast mapping process
the naming explosion happens during what period
the holophastic period, from 18-24 months of age (1.5-2 years)
overextension of grammatical morphemes to irregular cases
Overregulation
children who learn to speak two languages from birth or prior to the age of 2
Simultaneous bilinguals
using both language in the same conversations or utterances
Code-switching
what is the first grammatical morpheme learned
so there are 14, the first is -ing
what is the last gramatical morpheme
you’re (to be verb)
what emotions are we born with
4: disgust, interest, distress, and contentment
set of emotions present at birth or emerging within the first yar, may be biologically programmed
basic emotions
self-conscious emotions that emerge in the second year, depends in part on cognitive development
Complex emotions
when do complex emotions arise
18 months of age
specify the circumstances under which various emotions should or should not be expressed
Emotional Display rules
babies devise strategies for regulating and controlling their emotions
Emotion regulation
how do adults and caregivers assist in emotion regulation for babies
when babies are crying, they pick up the child and rock them, sing to them, soothing sounds, etc (adults help infants regulate emotions)
- help babies reduce negative arousal
using other’s emotional expressions to infer the meaning of ambiguous situations
social referencing
when do infants start to use social referencing
7-10 months
ability to experience the same emotion as other people
empathy
characteristic modes of responding (emotionally and behaviourally) to environmental events
temperament
what are the 6 dimensions that provide a description of individual differences in infant temperament
Fearful distress
Irritable distress
Positive affect/sociability
Activity level
Attention span/persistence
Rhythmicity
what are the three influences on temperament
- heritability of temperament
- environmental influences
- cultural influences
talking about temperament, what does the shared environment influence and what does it not influence
influence positive aspects of temperament, contribute little to activity levels and negative attributes
what are the three temperament profiles proposed by Thomas and Chess?
- easy 40%
- difficult 10%
- slow to warm up 15%
- unique (35%) did not fit any of the above profiles
tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar people or situations
and is it stable?
Behavioural inhibition
yes moderately stable
one factor that can determine whether temperament changes is
goodness of fit model (match between parenting and child’s temperament)
match between parenting and child’s temperament
Goodness of Fit model
an experimental paradigm in which caregiver becomes unresponsive to the baby (violating the baby’s expectations)
Opposite to synchronised routines
Still face paradigm
