psyb20 midterm 2 Flashcards
in the multistore model, information flows through what three processing units?
sensory memory, short term/working memory, long term memory
thought that occurs without awareness that one is thinking; is unconscious
Implicit cognition
what age for the preoperational stage
2-7 years
effortful techniques used to improve memory
Ex. rehearsal, semantic organization, and elaboration
memory strategies or mnemoincs
planning and executing strategies on the information gathered from LTS
executive function
what did Piaget think about on children talked to themselves
Piaget thought it was egocentric speech and believed that it was non-social in nature and that it reflected their egocentric perspectives, PE
thinking and thought processes of which we are consciously aware; is conscious
explicit cognition
what age for the concrete operational stage
7 to 11 years
what is cognition
- activity of knowing
- the mental processes used to acquire knowledge and solve problems
what are some frequently used memory strategies
rehearsal, organization, elaboration
reasoning from the general to specific
deductive reasoning
the ability to prevent ourselves from executing some cognitive or behavioral response
Inhibition
______ memory holds large amounts of information for a very brief period of time
sensory
intentionally choosing to not attend to information
inhibitory control
what kind of reasoning emerges in the formal operational stage
inductive reasoning (not deductive reasoning)
what are the two cognitive processes
organization and adaptation (assimilation and accommodation)
in an information-processing system can refer to the amount of space available to store information, how long information can be stored, or how quickly information can be processed
capacity
rearranging existing schemes into more complex ones
organization
a fundamental concept in developmental psychology introduced by Jean Piaget. It refers to a child’s understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or otherwise sensed.
object permanence
genetic epistemology is a fancy way of saying
developmental psychology, also is the experimental study of the origin of knowledge
schemas are developed from repeated exposure to information, and this leads to the organization of gist-like mental representations
schema theories
the ability to think hypothetically
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Renne sees a kangaroo for the first time and tries to adapt to this novel (new) stimulus by constructing it as something familiar: a “doggie”. What is this process, according to Piaget’s theory?
assimilation
how does the capacity of working memory (STS) change with age?
- change in memory span
- change in the speed at which information is processed
- change in domain-specific processing efficiency
what age for the sensorimotor stage
birth to 2 years
are words or concepts that are highly related to a specific theme or list of items but are not themselves presented in the list.
Critical lures
it is a type of information processing model; it depicts the flow of information in thinking
multistore model
It refers to the tendency of young children, typically during the preoperational stage (ages 2-7), to focus on one noticeable aspect of a situation or object while ignoring other important features.
centration
what we know about the world is NOT aligning with what we see
Cognitive disequilibrium
proposes that memories are encoded on a continuum (from verbatim traces to fuzzy traces)
fuzzy trace theory
what did Vygotsky think about on children talked to themselves
Vygotsky referred to it as private speech, and that it was self-communicative in nature; this private speech eventually turns into an inner speech that is used as a cognitive self-guidance system, VP
area of the brain that activates the organism and is though to be important in regulating attention
reticular formation
processes involved as one consciously attempts to retain or retrieve information
strategic memory
specialized learning mechanisms for different domains/areas
domain-specific processing efficiency
interpret new experiences with existing schemes
assimilation
what is the piagetian term for an organized pattern of though or action that the child constructs to understand their experience?
scheme/schema
The speed at which information is processed is measured through what
reaction time tasks
knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities
Metacognition
reasoning from specific observations to broad generalizations, thinking like a scientist
inductive reasoning
moving form one strategy to another
set-shifting
A _______ is an organized pattern of thought or action that one constructs to interpret some aspect of one’s experiences
scheme
dismissing irrelevant information
Cognitive inhibition
pattern of thought
schema
capacity for sustaining attention to a particular stimulus or activity
Attention span
understanding that even though something has changed in physical appearance, the matter has not changed
conservation
(i.e, the amount of information that can be held in the STS: measured through digit span tasks)
memory span
process of selecting stimuli to detect or work on
attention
If a schema refers to an event, it is referred to as a ______
script
failure to spontaneously generate and use known strategies that could improve learning and memory
Production deficiency
changes that occur in mental skills and abilities over the course of life
Cognitive Development
when children experience little or no benefit when they use a new strategy
Utilization deficiency
Piaget viewed the child as what
a constructivist (children are active in their development)
what age for the formal operational stage
11 years and up
capacity to focus on task-relevant aspects of experience while ignoring irrelevant or distracting information
selective attention
