chapter 6 states of consciousness

Question 1

a neurotransmitter that often creates an excitatory effect in the brain

Answer 1

acetylcholine

Question 2

a hypothesis about dreaming that suggests that dreams DO NOT serve a purpose, but rather are the consequence of other processes that occur during sleep

Answer 2

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Question 3

occurs when attentional priorities are set by the top down goals of an individual

Answer 3

active attention

Question 4

a neurotransmitter that often creates an inhibitory effect in the brain

Answer 4

adenosine

Question 5

brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is relaxed

Answer 5

alpha waves

Question 6

The process of selecting information from the internal and external environments to prioritize for processing.

Answer 6

attention

Question 7

Occurs when attention is diverted because of the salience of a stimulus.

Answer 7

attentional capture

Question 8

Refers to fast, effortless processing of information without conscious thought.

Answer 8

automaticity

Question 9

a group of drugs that cause sedation and induce sleep, historically prescribed for anxiety disorders

Answer 9

barbiturates

Question 10

a group of drugs primarily used for treating anxiety. These drugs are known for being fast acting and also highly addictive

Answer 10

benzodiazepines

Question 11

Brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is alert and actively processing information. They also appear during REM sleep.

Answer 11

beta waves

Question 12

internal clocks that prepare the body for daily, seasonal, and annual rhythms

Answer 12

biological clocks

Question 13

most commonly associated with narcolepsy, it is the experience of muscle weakness or muscular paralysis during the waking hours

Answer 13

cataplexy

Question 14

daily body clocks that tell the body when to sleep and wake

Answer 14

circadian rhythms

Question 15

describes a situation associated with selective attention. At a party, a person can be engaged in a conversation and suppress/ignore all the information going on around them and attend to the conversation.

Answer 15

cocktail party effect

Question 16

a form of insomnia that occurs when cues that are usually associated with falling asleep, like you bed, instead cause feelings of anxiety surrounding the inability to fall asleep.

Answer 16

conditioned insomnia

Question 17

the subjective experiences of your internal and external world

Answer 17

conscious content

Question 18

the band of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

Answer 18

corpus callosum

Question 19

Brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is deeply asleep. These waves occur during stages 3-4 (also known as slow-wave sleep)

Answer 19

delta waves

Question 20

occurs when an individual requires a drug to maintain normal functioning. Should the individual refrain from taking the drug, they will experience symptoms associated with withdrawal.

Answer 20

dependence

Question 21

An attention task where one stream of information is presented to one ear, and a different messages is played in the other ear. The participant is asked to attend to only one message. Later the participant is asked information about the unattended message.

Answer 21

dichotic listening

Question 22

Occurs when a person engages in two or more tasks at once.

Answer 22

divided attention

Question 23

a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the rewarding effects of some drugs

Answer 23

dopamine

Question 24

the increased ability to tolerate a specific drug. This occurs after repeated ingestion of the substance. When this occurs, a larger dose of the drug is required to achieve the desired effects.

Answer 24

drug tolerance

Question 25

a device that measures the sum of electrical activation across the surface of the cortex.

Answer 25

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Question 26

a device used to measure muscle tension around the jaw

Answer 26

electromyogram

Question 27

a device used to measure eye movements.

Answer 27

electrooculogram

Question 28

a hypothesis about dreaming that suggests that dreams have biological significance.

Answer 28

evolutionary hypothesis of dreams

Question 29

a rare, genetic disorder affecting the thalamus, that causes individuals to die from lack of sleep.

Answer 29

fatal familial insomnia

Question 30

a change attention task used to study intentional change detection and intentionial blindness.

Answer 30

flicker task

Question 31

a neurotransmitter that often creates inhibitory effects in the nervous system

Answer 31

GABA

Question 32

a neurotransmitter that often creates excitatory effects in the nervous system

Answer 32

glutamate

Question 33

refers to the idea that the two hemispheres in your brain (right and left) have different functions

Answer 33

hemispheric specialization

Question 34

a symptom of several different conditions and generally refers to excessive need for sleep or sleepiness in the daytime hours

Answer 34

hypersomnia

Question 35

vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before the onset of sleep

Answer 35

hypnagogic hallucination

Question 36

a graphic depiction of a person's progress through the stages of sleep over the course of a night

Answer 36

hypnogram

Question 37

vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before waking

Answer 37

hypnopompic hallucinations

Question 38

also known as child onset insomnia. It is a neurological condition resulting in the inability to sleep

Answer 38

idiopathic insomnia

Question 39

refers to the tendency to miss changes to some kinds of information when your attention is engaged elsewhere

Answer 39

inattentional blindness

Question 40

the process of actively reducing processing of some information while the brain attends to a specific task

Answer 40

inhibition

Question 41

the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

Answer 41

insomnia

Question 42

an attention task that requires the participant to actively search for a change made to the stimulus

Answer 42

intentional change detection

Question 43

The phenomenon that occurs when you travel to a different time zone, and your body is out of sync with the time cues from the external world.

Answer 43

jet lag

Question 44

A pattern of neural excitation followed by neural inhibition occurring during stage 2 sleep.

Answer 44

K-complexes

Question 45

A rare genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by several symptoms, most notably a sudden and extreme need to sleep.

Answer 45

narcolepsy

Question 46

Generally considered a disorder of slow wave sleep (SWS). These experiences consist of frantic, panicked screaming but often little or no memory of what caused the episode once the individual is roused.

Answer 46

night terrors

Question 47

Occurs when attentional priorities are set by bottom-up information from the environment.

Answer 47

passive attention

Question 48

directly influence the sensory systems and our interpretation of reality.

Answer 48

psychedelic drugs

Question 49

substances from the environment, other than food, that influence mood, thoughts, or behavior.

Answer 49

psychoactive drugs

Question 50

A stage of sleep where narrative-based dreaming occurs. During this stage, EEG recordings become highly irregular, and the sleeping person's eyes will move from side to side rapidly.

Answer 50

REM (rapid eye movement)

Question 51

the experience of temporary paralysis that occurs during REM sleep

Answer 51

REM sleep atonia

Question 52

A neurodegenerative disorder that results in the inability of the brain to effectively paralyze the body during sleep.

Answer 52

REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 53

A form of attention that occurs when a person attends to some information while ignoring other information.

Answer 53

selective attention

Question 54

neurotransmitter that is often implicated in mood, but also in the organization of sensory information.

Answer 54

serotonin

Question 55

A medical condition where the patient stops breathing during the night. Carbon dioxide builds up in the bloodstream, as a result, the patient wakes up. This disorder results in a poor night’s rest and can cause long term health problems.

Answer 55

sleep apnea

Question 56

A series of behavioral practices that promote the ability to fall and stay asleep.

Answer 56

sleep hygiene

Question 57

Brief bursts of activity that occur 2-5 times per minute during Non-REM sleep.

Answer 57

sleep spindles

Question 58

A broader name for sleep occurring in stage 3-4. During this stage, recordings on EEG show delta waves.

Answer 58

slow wave sleep (SWS)

Question 59

Also known as sleepwalking, it is a disorder of slow wave sleep (SWS). During these episodes, people are not acting out dreams, but rather are able to execute complicated behaviors, such as walking, cooking, and driving, while unconscious.

Answer 59

somnambulism

Question 60

A type of surgery that cuts the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain.

Answer 60

split brain

Question 61

Refer to the different levels of arousal and attention an individual can experience.

Answer 61

states of consciousness

Question 62

Drugs that increase the activity of the nervous system.

Answer 62

stimulants

Question 63

Refers to the idea that some stimuli in the environment capture attention by virtue of their physical properties.

Answer 63

stimulus salience

Question 64

Auditory messages that are played too quietly or in such a way that the brain cannot be consciously aware of the content.

Answer 64

subaudible messages

Question 65

Occurs when we are aware of information from the environment but are not aware that it is influencing our behavior.

Answer 65

subconscious processing

Question 66

A sensory stimulus that is processed, but does not reach the threshold for conscious perception

Answer 66

subliminal stimulus

Question 67

Visual images that are presented too quickly for the brain to perceive in conscious awareness.

Answer 67

subvisual messages