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Psychology > chapter 6 states of consciousness > Flashcards

chapter 6 states of consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

a neurotransmitter that often creates an excitatory effect in the brain

A

acetylcholine

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2
Q

a hypothesis about dreaming that suggests that dreams DO NOT serve a purpose, but rather are the consequence of other processes that occur during sleep

A

activation-synthesis hypothesis

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3
Q

occurs when attentional priorities are set by the top down goals of an individual

A

active attention

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4
Q

a neurotransmitter that often creates an inhibitory effect in the brain

A

adenosine

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5
Q

brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is relaxed

A

alpha waves

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6
Q

The process of selecting information from the internal and external environments to prioritize for processing.

A

attention

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7
Q

Occurs when attention is diverted because of the salience of a stimulus.

A

attentional capture

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8
Q

Refers to fast, effortless processing of information without conscious thought.

A

automaticity

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9
Q

a group of drugs that cause sedation and induce sleep, historically prescribed for anxiety disorders

A

barbiturates

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10
Q

a group of drugs primarily used for treating anxiety. These drugs are known for being fast acting and also highly addictive

A

benzodiazepines

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11
Q

Brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is alert and actively processing information. They also appear during REM sleep.

A

beta waves

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12
Q

internal clocks that prepare the body for daily, seasonal, and annual rhythms

A

biological clocks

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13
Q

most commonly associated with narcolepsy, it is the experience of muscle weakness or muscular paralysis during the waking hours

A

cataplexy

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14
Q

daily body clocks that tell the body when to sleep and wake

A

circadian rhythms

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15
Q

describes a situation associated with selective attention. At a party, a person can be engaged in a conversation and suppress/ignore all the information going on around them and attend to the conversation.

A

cocktail party effect

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16
Q

a form of insomnia that occurs when cues that are usually associated with falling asleep, like you bed, instead cause feelings of anxiety surrounding the inability to fall asleep.

A

conditioned insomnia

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17
Q

the subjective experiences of your internal and external world

A

conscious content

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18
Q

the band of axons that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

A

corpus callosum

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19
Q

Brain waves that appear on an EEG when a person is deeply asleep. These waves occur during stages 3-4 (also known as slow-wave sleep)

A

delta waves

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20
Q

occurs when an individual requires a drug to maintain normal functioning. Should the individual refrain from taking the drug, they will experience symptoms associated with withdrawal.

A

dependence

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21
Q

An attention task where one stream of information is presented to one ear, and a different messages is played in the other ear. The participant is asked to attend to only one message. Later the participant is asked information about the unattended message.

A

dichotic listening

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22
Q

Occurs when a person engages in two or more tasks at once.

A

divided attention

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23
Q

a neurotransmitter that has been implicated in the rewarding effects of some drugs

A

dopamine

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24
Q

the increased ability to tolerate a specific drug. This occurs after repeated ingestion of the substance. When this occurs, a larger dose of the drug is required to achieve the desired effects.

A

drug tolerance

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25
Q

a device that measures the sum of electrical activation across the surface of the cortex.

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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26
Q

a device used to measure muscle tension around the jaw

A

electromyogram

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27
Q

a device used to measure eye movements.

A

electrooculogram

28
Q

a hypothesis about dreaming that suggests that dreams have biological significance.

A

evolutionary hypothesis of dreams

29
Q

a rare, genetic disorder affecting the thalamus, that causes individuals to die from lack of sleep.

A

fatal familial insomnia

30
Q

a change attention task used to study intentional change detection and intentionial blindness.

A

flicker task

31
Q

a neurotransmitter that often creates inhibitory effects in the nervous system

A

GABA

32
Q

a neurotransmitter that often creates excitatory effects in the nervous system

A

glutamate

33
Q

refers to the idea that the two hemispheres in your brain (right and left) have different functions

A

hemispheric specialization

34
Q

a symptom of several different conditions and generally refers to excessive need for sleep or sleepiness in the daytime hours

A

hypersomnia

35
Q

vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before the onset of sleep

A

hypnagogic hallucination

36
Q

a graphic depiction of a person’s progress through the stages of sleep over the course of a night

A

hypnogram

37
Q

vivid sensory hallucinations that occur right before waking

A

hypnopompic hallucinations

38
Q

also known as child onset insomnia. It is a neurological condition resulting in the inability to sleep

A

idiopathic insomnia

39
Q

refers to the tendency to miss changes to some kinds of information when your attention is engaged elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

40
Q

the process of actively reducing processing of some information while the brain attends to a specific task

A

inhibition

41
Q

the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep

A

insomnia

42
Q

an attention task that requires the participant to actively search for a change made to the stimulus

A

intentional change detection

43
Q

The phenomenon that occurs when you travel to a different time zone, and your body is out of sync with the time cues from the external world.

A

jet lag

44
Q

A pattern of neural excitation followed by neural inhibition occurring during stage 2 sleep.

A

K-complexes

45
Q

A rare genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by several symptoms, most notably a sudden and extreme need to sleep.

A

narcolepsy

46
Q

Generally considered a disorder of slow wave sleep (SWS). These experiences consist of frantic, panicked screaming but often little or no memory of what caused the episode once the individual is roused.

A

night terrors

47
Q

Occurs when attentional priorities are set by bottom-up information from the environment.

A

passive attention

48
Q

directly influence the sensory systems and our interpretation of reality.

A

psychedelic drugs

49
Q

substances from the environment, other than food, that influence mood, thoughts, or behavior.

A

psychoactive drugs

50
Q

A stage of sleep where narrative-based dreaming occurs. During this stage, EEG recordings become highly irregular, and the sleeping person’s eyes will move from side to side rapidly.

A

REM (rapid eye movement)

51
Q

the experience of temporary paralysis that occurs during REM sleep

A

REM sleep atonia

52
Q

A neurodegenerative disorder that results in the inability of the brain to effectively paralyze the body during sleep.

A

REM sleep behavior disorder

53
Q

A form of attention that occurs when a person attends to some information while ignoring other information.

A

selective attention

54
Q

neurotransmitter that is often implicated in mood, but also in the organization of sensory information.

A

serotonin

55
Q

A medical condition where the patient stops breathing during the night. Carbon dioxide builds up in the bloodstream, as a result, the patient wakes up. This disorder results in a poor night’s rest and can cause long term health problems.

A

sleep apnea

56
Q

A series of behavioral practices that promote the ability to fall and stay asleep.

A

sleep hygiene

57
Q

Brief bursts of activity that occur 2-5 times per minute during Non-REM sleep.

A

sleep spindles

58
Q

A broader name for sleep occurring in stage 3-4. During this stage, recordings on EEG show delta waves.

A

slow wave sleep (SWS)

59
Q

Also known as sleepwalking, it is a disorder of slow wave sleep (SWS). During these episodes, people are not acting out dreams, but rather are able to execute complicated behaviors, such as walking, cooking, and driving, while unconscious.

A

somnambulism

60
Q

A type of surgery that cuts the connections between the two hemispheres of the brain.

A

split brain

61
Q

Refer to the different levels of arousal and attention an individual can experience.

A

states of consciousness

62
Q

Drugs that increase the activity of the nervous system.

A

stimulants

63
Q

Refers to the idea that some stimuli in the environment capture attention by virtue of their physical properties.

A

stimulus salience

64
Q

Auditory messages that are played too quietly or in such a way that the brain cannot be consciously aware of the content.

A

subaudible messages

65
Q

Occurs when we are aware of information from the environment but are not aware that it is influencing our behavior.

A

subconscious processing

66
Q

A sensory stimulus that is processed, but does not reach the threshold for conscious perception

A

subliminal stimulus

67
Q

Visual images that are presented too quickly for the brain to perceive in conscious awareness.

A

subvisual messages

Psychology (23 decks)

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