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Psychology > b50 > Flashcards

b50 Flashcards

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1
Q

a resource or environmental condition that limits the growth, distribution, or abundance of an organism or population within an ecosystem

A

limiting factor

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2
Q

set of environmental conditions in which an organism can live and reproduce

A

niche

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3
Q

what does n indicate in the Hutchonsonain niche/n-dimensional hypervolume

A

n indicates the number of different environmental conditions that determine where an organism can survive and reproduce

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4
Q

what describes the phenomena of how an organisms performance is low near the extremes of a limiting factor and optimal optimal at some intermediate value

A

performance curve

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5
Q

the set of environmental conditions where the species ACC occurs

A

realized niche

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6
Q

the set of environmental conditions that a species COULD tolerate

A

fundamental niche

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7
Q

convert the energy of sunlight or inorganic compounds into chemical energy stores in the carbon-carbon bonds of organic compounds

A

autotrophs

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8
Q

obtain energy by consuming organic compounds from other organisms

A

heterotrophs

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9
Q

what is the definition of ecology?

A

ecology is the study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms

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10
Q

a group of interacting organisms AND their physical environment

A

ecosystem

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11
Q

the number of individuals in a population; sometimes also called population size

A

population abundance

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12
Q

the number of individuals in a population within a defined spatial area.

also it is synonymous with what?

defined by the term N

A

population density

population abundance

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13
Q

what is the mark recapture formula?

A

M/N = R/C

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14
Q

their traits and behaviors alter habitats in ways that affect the other species that share their ecosystem

A

ecosystem engineers (ex. beavers)

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15
Q

a phenomenon in which individuals in a population reproduce less and have lower probabilities of survival within a given time period as population density increases. these reductions in reproduction and survival will slow the population growth through time

A

density dependence

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16
Q

what competition leads to density dependence

A

intraspecific competition

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17
Q

what are common limiting resources/limiting factor

A

food, shelter, water, light availability (for plants)

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18
Q

a populations maximum per capita growth rate in a particular habitat

A

intrinsic rate of increase or rmax

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19
Q

what determines what resources are available to organisms and, thus where they can live?

A

the physical environment

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20
Q

is weather the same as climate?

A

no

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21
Q

current state of the atmosphere at any given time

A

weather

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22
Q

long-term description of weather, including average conditions and the full range of variation

A

climate

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23
Q

directional change in climate over a period of at least three decades

A

climate change

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24
Q

which latitudes get more sun rays

A

lower latitudes (towards the middle of the earth) because its a direct hit

vs at higher latitudes (near poles), the suns rays hit at an angle and therefore the sun rays are spread out more and less concentrated

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25
Q

why does the sun/solar energy hit the earth at different degrees?

A

because the earth is round

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26
Q

annually the earth gets the most solar energy where?

A

at the equator

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27
Q

the earth tilts at what degrees

A

axial tilt of 23.4 degrees

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28
Q

why do we have seasons

A

due to the earth’s journey around the sun, variation in solar radiation across latitudes

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29
Q

twice a year, the sun hits the equator at 90 degrees, this is called what and in what months

A

March and September, this is called the equinox

30
Q

how do we know that the equator gets the most solar radiation annually? what is the evidence

A

there is no cold season at the equator

31
Q

which weighs more, a volume of hot air or a volume of cold air?

A

cold air

because heat rises, aka hot air balloons rise

32
Q

how does atmospheric pressure change with altitude?

A

pressure decreases as altitude increases …. bag of chips in an airplane expands

WHY? because the pressure around decreases so the pressure outside the bag is less than the sealed pressure inside the bag

  • higher pressure inside the chip bag than on the outside
33
Q

does compression and expansion change air temperature?

A

compression heats air up
expansion cools air down

34
Q

which hold more water, warm air or cold air?

A

warm air holds more water

HOW DO WE KNOW?
- water vapor is visible in breath on cold days

35
Q

desserts are defined by what

A

being dry NOT HOT, its defined by amount of precipitation

36
Q

coriolis effect describes what?

A

circulating air is deflected toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere

  • clockwise movement in the Nothern Hemisphere
    -counterclockwise movement in Southern Hemisphere
37
Q

coriolis effects what

A

wind patterns and oceanic circulation, resulting effects on temperature and precipiation

38
Q

the shape and features of the Earth’s surface in a particular area

A

topography… it influences the local climate, for example, via rain shadows

39
Q

how much energy needs to be added to a substance to raise its temperature

A

heat capacity

40
Q

continental effects leads to what

A

hotter summers and colder winters INLAND than along a coast

41
Q

why do the interiors of continents experience large seasonal temperature swings instead of coastal areas?

A

because the ocean buffers temperature changes, creating cooler summers and warmer winters for coastal areas

  • water has a higher heat capacity than soil (about 5 times higher)
42
Q

how do plants cool the environment

A

via transpiration (when plant tissue heats up, they release excess

43
Q

what is the difference of ecology

A

interactions of organisms with themselves, other species and their physical environment

44
Q

another name for positive density dependence is

A

the allele effect

45
Q

population growth slows as the population increases due to factors like competition for resources

A

negative density dependence

46
Q

population growth is positively correlated with population density at low population levels, meaning that growth rates increase as the population becomes larger

A

allele effect, positive density dependence

47
Q

large geographic areas affected by similar climatic and physical factors, leading to distinctive formations of animals and plants

A

biomes

48
Q

each biome is characterized by

A

a typical climate

49
Q

what can be used to visualize how temperature and precipitations interact to determine plant growth, and how these factors vary across biomes

A

climate diagrams

50
Q

what biome is hot but more wet than hot (in terms of climate diagram), there is lots of precipitation

A

tropical rainforest

51
Q

which biome:
- hot
- not so much precipitation
- precipitation is seasonal

A

tropical dry forest

52
Q

terrestrial biomes are defined by what (2)

A

temperature and precipitation

53
Q

aquatic biomes are defined by

A

light and nutrient availability, physical movement of water, temperature, salinity, and surface (like sandy, rocky etc)

54
Q

on mountains temperature and precipitation change with _______

A

elevation, ice and snow on top then tundra, boreal forest, temperate forest, tropical rainforest at bottom

55
Q

marine zones are characterized based on: 4

A
  1. light penetration
  2. proximity to the shore line
  3. physical location (benthic =on the bottom surface, pelagic = in the water column)
  4. depth of pelagic zones
56
Q

wear rivers meet oceans

A

estuaries
- have fluctuating salinity, pH
- rich environment

57
Q

describe the sandy bottom zones

A
  • not much plants because plants can’t attach to the sand
  • less rich environment
58
Q

freshwater systems can be characterized as what (3)

A

lotic, lentic, aquifer

59
Q

flowing rivers and streams

A

lotic

60
Q

stationary ponds and lakes

A

lentic

61
Q

subsurface water

A

aquifer

62
Q

what is the greenhouse effect

A

warming of Earth by atmospheric absorption and re-radiation of infrared radiation emitted by Earth’s surface
- this effect is due to GREENHOUSE GASES in the atmosphere
- water vapor
- carbon dioxide
- methane
- nitrous oxide

63
Q

what is climate

A

an expected pattern in the physical factors that make up the world (ex. precipitation, wind, etc)

64
Q

what is weather

A

the day to day variation in physical factors that make up the world

65
Q

the longest and shortest days of the year are

A

the solstices, June 21 and December 21

66
Q

we receive lots of sunlight during

A

the summer solstice

67
Q

we receive very little sunlight during

A

the winter solstice

68
Q

at each ________ the title of the Earth points directly toward the sun

A

solstice

69
Q

refers to the evolutionary compromises organisms make when allocating limited resources to different aspects of their survival and reproduction

A

life-history trade off

70
Q

what is optimization

A

the maximization of benefits to costs

71
Q

overall goal of optimization is

A

increased fitness

72
Q

why doesn’t negative density dependence contribute to the extinction vortex

A

because negative density dependence is the phenomena in which the population growth rate decreases as population size (N) or DENSITY increases, in the extinciton vortex, the population density is decreases!

Psychology (24 decks)

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