2 Flashcards
what is the apex predator and what does apex predator mean?
killer/ocra whale
apex predatory = top predatory, top of the food chain
describe the August Krogh principle
for every question in biology there is an ideal system in which to study it
what is the opening to the trachea in humans called
glottis
what is the epiglottis
covers the glottis during swallowing of good so that food and liquids don’t go into the lungs
what is required for specific dynamic action
protein!
what is the difference between basal and standard metabolic rates
basal: resting metabolic rates for endotherms
standard: resting metabolic rates for ectotherms
what is the body’s thermostat (part of the brain)
the hypothalamus
what are the 4 types of heat exchange and explain
- conduction: direct heat transfer between two physical bodies
- radiation: indirect heat transfer between two bodies that are not in direct contact (ex. a radiator generates heat to its environment)
- convention: flow of air or water over a physical body, ex. wind chill, cools the environment down
- evaporation: liquid becomes gas, loss of heat through evaporation
what is a poikilotherm
organism whose body temperature fluctuates with environmental temperature
what is an ectotherm
organism whose body heat is derived from the environment
what is regional heterothermy
an organism who is able to keep a region of their body warm while the rest of their body temperature is influenced by the external environmental temperature
can terrestrial poikilotherms thermoregulate? how?
yes they can but only behaviourally, animal moves into the sun when cold, moves into the shade when hot, moves into the burrow at night
what are bony fish called
teleosts
what is an example of the perfect osmoreguator
SHRIMP
what is an example of a osmotic conformer
MUSSEL
what is chyme
digested substance and food
does the stomach have a high pH or a low pH?
very low pH therefore salivary amylase does not work in the stomach no more
mucus helps the stomach to what
not digest itself
what causes GERD
when stomach contents go back up the esophagus
what is heartburn called
GERD
the gap in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes
hiatus
a portion of the stomach protrudes upward through the hiatus
hiatial hernia
protrusion of an organ into a place it should not be
hernia
what causes ulcers
Heliobacter pylori infection
H-PYLORI
where does the feces wait until going to the rectum
sigmoid colon
where is bile stored
the GALLBLADDER
what is the function of bile
B for breaks up
breaks up fats, digests fats
what stimulates calcium release from the bone
parathyroid hormone
what hormone stops calcium release from the bone
calcitonin
poison that inhibits the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase
oubain
what are the two main types of physiology
- medical/clinal physiology
- comparative animal physiology
investigates animal function from a non-human oriented perspective
comparative animal physiology
goal oriented, focuses on understanding physiological mechanisms related to disease and disease treatment
medical/clinal physiology
what are the three areas of comparative physiology and describe
- mechanistic: how things work, what is behind physiological and biochemical processes most used!
- environmental: how animals live in a challenging environment
- evolutionary: understanding relationships between animals based on similarity of difference, obsolete, not really used anymore
what are the five general themes in physiology
- structure function relationships
- acclimatization
- adaptation
- feedback and feedforward control systems
- Conformity and Regulation
describes how the structure/design/anatomy of an organ allows it to carry out FUNCTIONS
structure function relationships
change in physiological function that is caused by moderate to long-term exposure
acclimatization
changes that occur over generations due to long term exposure
adaptation
PRIMES a physiological response so that it is ready for when a particular stimulus arrives
feedfoward system
physiological response to either an internal or external stimuli
feedback system
internal physiological variable will fluctuate with changing environmental conditions
conformity
physiological or biological variables remain constant
regulation
what is the role of oligodendrites (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)
form myelin
Nodes of Ranvier (gaps in myelin sheath) allows for very rapid conduction of nerve impulses by a process called _________-
saltatory conduction
transmission of the electrical signal form one neuron to another neuron
synaptic transmission
what is the value for membrane potential at rest
-80 to -60 millivolts (mV)
large and rapid, short increase in membrane potential
action potential ACTIONNNN
what is osmotic regulation
Regulation: cells have a constant environment (blood/ECF) but its cost energy.
what is osmotic conformity
Conformity: cells have a changing environment (blood/ECF) but saves energy
what gland releases melatonin, the sleep hormone
pineal gland
what does the hypothalamus do in the endocrine system
produces ADH and oxytocin, releasing and inhibiting hormones
where are ADH and oxytocin stored
posterior pituitary PP
what does the thyroid gland release
T3 and T4 and calcitonin
what does the parathyroid gland release
parathyroid hormone, increases calcium uptake
what does the adrenal medulla produce
catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline)
what does the pancreas produce
insulin, glucagon, digestive enzymes
what does the adrenal cortex produce
steroids and aldosterone (regulates blood pressure)
acts on the same cell (or same cell type)
autocrine signaling
diffuses through ECF to target cell
paracrine signlaing
what are the three types of hormones
amine hormones, peptide hormones, steroid hormones
what does oxytocin do and where is it produced and stores
produced: hypothalamus
stored: posterior pituitary
function: uterine contractions and milk production
what is the function of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
stimulates the kindeys to reabsorb water and reduce urine
what raises blood glucose levels
glucagon
what lowers blood glucose levels
insulin
what are inslets of langerhans
alpha and beta cells that produce glucagon and insulin respectively are grouped together in clusters called inslets of langerhans
what is gangrene
cell necrosis/death caused by diabetes
what is atherosclerosis
narrowing of blood vessels
is actin thin or thick filaments
thin
is myosin thin or thick filaments
