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2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the apex predator and what does apex predator mean?

A

killer/ocra whale
apex predatory = top predatory, top of the food chain

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2
Q

describe the August Krogh principle

A

for every question in biology there is an ideal system in which to study it

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3
Q

what is the opening to the trachea in humans called

A

glottis

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4
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

covers the glottis during swallowing of good so that food and liquids don’t go into the lungs

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5
Q

what is required for specific dynamic action

A

protein!

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6
Q

what is the difference between basal and standard metabolic rates

A

basal: resting metabolic rates for endotherms
standard: resting metabolic rates for ectotherms

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7
Q

what is the body’s thermostat (part of the brain)

A

the hypothalamus

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8
Q

what are the 4 types of heat exchange and explain

A
  1. conduction: direct heat transfer between two physical bodies
  2. radiation: indirect heat transfer between two bodies that are not in direct contact (ex. a radiator generates heat to its environment)
  3. convention: flow of air or water over a physical body, ex. wind chill, cools the environment down
  4. evaporation: liquid becomes gas, loss of heat through evaporation
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9
Q

what is a poikilotherm

A

organism whose body temperature fluctuates with environmental temperature

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10
Q

what is an ectotherm

A

organism whose body heat is derived from the environment

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11
Q

what is regional heterothermy

A

an organism who is able to keep a region of their body warm while the rest of their body temperature is influenced by the external environmental temperature

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12
Q

can terrestrial poikilotherms thermoregulate? how?

A

yes they can but only behaviourally, animal moves into the sun when cold, moves into the shade when hot, moves into the burrow at night

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13
Q

what are bony fish called

A

teleosts

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14
Q

what is an example of the perfect osmoreguator

A

SHRIMP

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15
Q

what is an example of a osmotic conformer

A

MUSSEL

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16
Q

what is chyme

A

digested substance and food

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17
Q

does the stomach have a high pH or a low pH?

A

very low pH therefore salivary amylase does not work in the stomach no more

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18
Q

mucus helps the stomach to what

A

not digest itself

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19
Q

what causes GERD

A

when stomach contents go back up the esophagus

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20
Q

what is heartburn called

A

GERD

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21
Q

the gap in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes

A

hiatus

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22
Q

a portion of the stomach protrudes upward through the hiatus

A

hiatial hernia

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23
Q

protrusion of an organ into a place it should not be

A

hernia

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24
Q

what causes ulcers

A

Heliobacter pylori infection
H-PYLORI

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25
Q

where does the feces wait until going to the rectum

A

sigmoid colon

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26
Q

where is bile stored

A

the GALLBLADDER

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27
Q

what is the function of bile

A

B for breaks up
breaks up fats, digests fats

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28
Q

what stimulates calcium release from the bone

A

parathyroid hormone

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29
Q

what hormone stops calcium release from the bone

A

calcitonin

30
Q

poison that inhibits the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase

A

oubain

31
Q

what are the two main types of physiology

A
  1. medical/clinal physiology
  2. comparative animal physiology
32
Q

investigates animal function from a non-human oriented perspective

A

comparative animal physiology

33
Q

goal oriented, focuses on understanding physiological mechanisms related to disease and disease treatment

A

medical/clinal physiology

34
Q

what are the three areas of comparative physiology and describe

A
  1. mechanistic: how things work, what is behind physiological and biochemical processes most used!
  2. environmental: how animals live in a challenging environment
  3. evolutionary: understanding relationships between animals based on similarity of difference, obsolete, not really used anymore
35
Q

what are the five general themes in physiology

A
  1. structure function relationships
  2. acclimatization
  3. adaptation
  4. feedback and feedforward control systems
  5. Conformity and Regulation
36
Q

describes how the structure/design/anatomy of an organ allows it to carry out FUNCTIONS

A

structure function relationships

37
Q

change in physiological function that is caused by moderate to long-term exposure

A

acclimatization

38
Q

changes that occur over generations due to long term exposure

A

adaptation

39
Q

PRIMES a physiological response so that it is ready for when a particular stimulus arrives

A

feedfoward system

40
Q

physiological response to either an internal or external stimuli

A

feedback system

41
Q

internal physiological variable will fluctuate with changing environmental conditions

A

conformity

42
Q

physiological or biological variables remain constant

A

regulation

43
Q

what is the role of oligodendrites (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)

A

form myelin

44
Q
A
45
Q

Nodes of Ranvier (gaps in myelin sheath) allows for very rapid conduction of nerve impulses by a process called _________-

A

saltatory conduction

46
Q

transmission of the electrical signal form one neuron to another neuron

A

synaptic transmission

47
Q

what is the value for membrane potential at rest

A

-80 to -60 millivolts (mV)

48
Q

large and rapid, short increase in membrane potential

A

action potential ACTIONNNN

49
Q

what is osmotic regulation

A

Regulation: cells have a constant environment (blood/ECF) but its cost energy.

50
Q

what is osmotic conformity

A

Conformity: cells have a changing environment (blood/ECF) but saves energy

51
Q

what gland releases melatonin, the sleep hormone

A

pineal gland

52
Q

what does the hypothalamus do in the endocrine system

A

produces ADH and oxytocin, releasing and inhibiting hormones

53
Q

where are ADH and oxytocin stored

A

posterior pituitary PP

54
Q

what does the thyroid gland release

A

T3 and T4 and calcitonin

55
Q

what does the parathyroid gland release

A

parathyroid hormone, increases calcium uptake

56
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce

A

catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline)

57
Q

what does the pancreas produce

A

insulin, glucagon, digestive enzymes

58
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce

A

steroids and aldosterone (regulates blood pressure)

59
Q

acts on the same cell (or same cell type)

A

autocrine signaling

60
Q

diffuses through ECF to target cell

A

paracrine signlaing

61
Q

what are the three types of hormones

A

amine hormones, peptide hormones, steroid hormones

62
Q

what does oxytocin do and where is it produced and stores

A

produced: hypothalamus
stored: posterior pituitary
function: uterine contractions and milk production

63
Q

what is the function of antidiuretic hormones (ADH)

A

stimulates the kindeys to reabsorb water and reduce urine

64
Q

what raises blood glucose levels

A

glucagon

65
Q

what lowers blood glucose levels

A

insulin

66
Q

what are inslets of langerhans

A

alpha and beta cells that produce glucagon and insulin respectively are grouped together in clusters called inslets of langerhans

67
Q

what is gangrene

A

cell necrosis/death caused by diabetes

68
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

narrowing of blood vessels

69
Q

is actin thin or thick filaments

A

thin

70
Q

is myosin thin or thick filaments

A

Psychology (24 decks)

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