c39 lec 12 Flashcards
what is the reason we are able to perform transplants successfully and have them last for a long time
immunosuppressive drugs
drugs that interfere with naive T cell activation and differentiation into effector cells
immunosuppressive drugs
people on immunosuppressive drugs are considered
immunocompromised …highly susceptible to infection
how we deplete immune cells prior to a transplant
- antibody therapeutic, targets and tags all white blood cells (leukocytes), which kills them off, which means the transplant can now be drafted without an immune respnse
- steroid drugs
most common steroid (immunosuppressive) treatment used in transplants and autoimmunity
prednisone
how do steroids like prednisone work?
works by blocking NFkB activity = less inflammation and lymphocytes stay in bone marrow
- but have to use in combination with other drugs, not effective on its own
majority of immunosuppressive drugs do what
block T cell activation
first drugs found to selectively inhibit T cell activation and improve transplantation success rate
cyclosporin and tacrolimus
- but can damage our kidneys, cause nephrocytotoxicity or sensitization
pro-drugs that prevent replication and proliferation of T cells
cytotoxic drugs
immunodeficiencies are mostly and successfully treated with …
replacement therapy
- even immune system cancers
we do cell replacement by replacing what
bone marrow or HSC transplantation (cord blood)
before an individual undergoes hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSC transplants) they must undergo what
killing off of their own immune system
myeloablative therapy (combo of irradiation and chemotherapy drugs) destroys the bone marrow prior to HSC transplantation to improve success of transplant
no recipient T cells left to mediate reject
wipe out recipients entire immune system then they can receive HSC transplant from donor
HSC transplants require
some matched HLAs (MHCs)
donor T cells from transplant attack recipient tissues
GVHR : graft-versus host reaction
disease arising from GVHR
graft versus host disease (GVHD)
diverse set of life-threatening diseases due to abnormal and invasive proliferation
Cancer
what are the typical treatments for cancer
surgery
radiation
chemotherapy (Cytotoxic drugs)
tumour that is encapsulated, localized and limited in size
benign tumour, not harmful
tumour that has no size limit and invade adjacent tissues
malignant tumours
cells must gain multiple mutations in cell division, proliferation and survival genes to become cancerous
malignant transformation
what can malignant transformation be caused by?
age
time etc
but also
mutagens and carcinogens
chemical or physical agents that increase mutation rate
mutagens
agents that increase risk of cancer
carcinogens
bone marrow cancers
myelomas
solid lymphoid cancers
lymphomas
circulating immune cell cancers
leukemias
epithelial cell cancers
carcniomas
other cell type cancers
sarcomas
cancer cells form primary tumours escape/spread through the blood of lymphatics and form secondary tumours in new locations
metastasis= spread of cancer
peptides that our cells can recognize that are mutated from tumour proteins
neoantigens/tumour specific antigens
tumour specific antigens
neoantigens
most mutated, malignant cells are eliminated
immunosurveillance
